语言学第八单元VIP免费

Chapter8Chapter8LanguageinUseLanguageinUsespeaker’smeaning,utterancemeaning,contextualmeaning•Itsinterpretationdependsmoreonwhothespeakerofthesentenceis,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisused.•Itdependsmoreonthecontext.semanticssemanticsVSVSpragmaticspragmatics•Semantics:morecloselyrelatedtothewordsused,themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning•Pragmatics:morecloselyrelatedtothecontext,themoreindeterminateside,orsth.extra.pragmatics=meaning-semanticsSpeechActTheorySpeechActTheory•HowtoDoThingswithWords----JohnLangshawAustinPerformativesandConstativesPerformativesandConstatives（施为句、叙事句）（施为句、叙事句）•Performative:Theutteringofthesesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofanaction.•Constatives:adescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.ATheoryofATheoryoftheIllocutionaryActtheIllocutionaryAct（行事行为理论）（行事行为理论）1.Locutionaryact（发话行为）2.Illocutionaryact（行事行为）3.Perlocutionaryact（取效行为）ATheoryofATheoryoftheIllocutionaryActtheIllocutionaryAct（行事行为理论）（行事行为理论）•Illocutionaryact（行事行为）：tosaysth.istodosth.,andtheactperformedisknownasanIllocutionaryAct.（言以行事）•PerlocutionaryAct（取效行为）:bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething.Whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.TheCooperativePrincipleTheCooperativePrinciple（合作原则）（合作原则）1.MaximofQuantity量的准则2.MaximofQuality质的准则3.MaximofRelation关联准则4.MaximofManner方式准则MaximofQuantityMaximofQuantity质的准则质的准则1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired.2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.MaximofQualityMaximofQuality质的准则质的准则1.Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.2.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.3.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.MaximofRelationMaximofRelation关联准则关联准则1.Berelevant.MaximofMannerMaximofManner方式准则方式准则Beperspicuous1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief(avoidprolixity)4.Beorderly.