1.Withannualrainfallclosetozero,Antarcticaistechnicallyadesert.南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该区域就是一片荒漠。withannualrainfallclosetozero为介词短语，表示原因，由介词＋名词＋形容词（词组）组成，也即“with+宾语＋形容词短语”构成的复合结构。例如：Withsomanystudentsweakintheirpronunciation,theystartedfromthebeginning.Hesattherequietlywithmouthhalfopen,listeningtotheradio.Hesattherewithhiseyes________(fix)onthesky.fixedHesattherewithhishand________(point)atme.pointingHewenttotheclassroomwithalotofhomework_____.todo2.Coveringabout14millionsquarekilometersaroundtheSouthPole,itisthefifthlargestcontinentintheworld.南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围1,400万平方公里的面积，是世界第五大洲。1)coveringabout…在句子中作状语。2)thefifthlargestcontinentintheworld.形容词最高级前面的修饰成分为序数词。Isitthethirdlongestriverintheworld?形容词最高级前面还可有其他的成分。ItwasbyfarthebestuniversityIhavevisited.Itwasoftheveryhighestquality.3.Onaverageitistwokilometersthick,butinsomeplacesitreachesadepthoffivekilometers.(南极洲)冰层平均厚度为2，000米，但某些地方厚度可以达到5，000米。词组twokilometersthick，形容词thick增加了修饰成分twokilometers。例如：Theropeistwometerslong.Thewellis12metersdeep.但是注意下面情况：Itisa12-meter-longrope.The12-meter-deepwellisthedeepestoneinourvillage.4.Asaresult,ithasbecomeawindowonthepast,andcangiveresearcherslotsofusefulinformation.因此，它已经变成人们了解过去的窗口，可为研究者提供大量有用的信息。window窗户，窗口在此引申为“获得信息的渠道”。Internationalnewsbroadcastsprovideawindowontheworld.5.ButthelongAntarcticwinternight,whichlastsfor182days(thelongestperiodofcontinuousdarknessontheearth)aswellastheextremecoldandlackofrainfall,meansthatfewtypesofplantscansurvivethere.但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天(地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期),气候极度寒冷降雨量极少,这意味着很少有植物能够在这里生存。1)whichlastsfor182days…这是一个非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，which有时并不代表一个名词，而是代表前面句子的全部或部分意思：Hechangedhismind,whichmadeallofusangry.Thestudentsfinishedtheworkbythemselves,whichwasencouraging.2)aswellas是一个并列连接词Hewrotethreefamousnovelsaswellassomeplays.Itisapoliticalaswellasaneconomicquestion.3)few表示很少，几乎没有。HeisamongthefewpeopleIcantrust.Veryfewpeoplecanaffordtopaythoseprices.Fewofthechildrencanreadorwriteyet.6.Gasesandminerals,intheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice,cantellusalotaboutwhattheworld’sclimatewaslikeinpastages.这些以火山灰形式封冻冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。1)intheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice介词短语作定语,修饰gasesandminerals,可以把它改成非限制性定语从句:whichareintheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice.2)intheformof“以……形式”或“呈……形状”Themainstaircasewasintheformofabig“S”.主楼梯呈S形。PeoplearebombardedwithinformationintheformofmagazinesandTVadvertising.信息以杂志和电视广告的形式向人们连续轰炸。3)trappedintheice是-ed形式作定语的情况，修饰volcanicdust。7.Notuntilthelate18thcenturydidtheBritishexplorerJamesCookcrosstheAntarcticCircle,butheneversawland.直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现陆地。notuntil用在句首应该用倒装结构。until用在肯定句中主句的谓语动词应该是延续性动词,用在否定句中用非延续性动词,也可以用在强调句型中。Hekeptworkinguntilhiswifecameback.Hedidn’tstopworkinguntilhiswifecameback.Itwas_______________________that____________________.notuntilhiswifecamebackNotuntilhiswifecamebackdidhestopworking.hestoppedworking8.Thenin1895,aNorwegiancalledCarstensBorchgrevinkbecamethefirstmantosetfootontheAntarcticmainland.后来到了1895年，一个叫卡斯腾·博克格雷温克的挪威人成为第一个踏上南极大陆的人。setfooton/in踏上;进入;涉足①Don’teversetfootinthishouseagain!永远别再进这个门!②Afteran8-hourflight,wefinallysetfootonChinesesoil.经过8个小时的飞行，我们终于踏上了中国国土。9.In1961,atreatysignedby12countries,includingBritain,France,andtheUSA,madeAntarcticatheworld’sbiggestnaturereserve.1961年,包括英国、法国和美国在内的12个国家签署了一份条约,使南极洲变成了世界上最大的自然保护区。1)signed为-ed形式作定语的情况，可以转变成定语从句：whichwassignedby…2)including为-ing形式作定语，可以改变成非限制性定语从句：whichincluded…
