2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件:第3模块-阅读理解-专题八科普知识型阅读理解-大纲版专题八科普知识型阅读理解专题八科普知识型阅读理解专题八科普知识型阅读理解专题八│专题导读科普类文章主要包括自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类,其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化,以介绍某一科学现象居多。科普类文章具有结构严谨,逻辑性强等特点。其主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等,其中推理判断题居多。从词汇角度来看,在科普类文章中,词汇的意义比较专一、稳定、简明、不带感情色彩,具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看,句子结构较复杂,长难句较多,语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等。专题导读专题八│专题导读科普文常用的修辞手段有:1.下定义:有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题,往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法,使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。2.举事例:举出有代表性的恰当的例子,能够反映一般的情况,真切地说明事物特征。3.做比较:选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较,往往能增强说明事物的效果。4.打比方:适当运用比喻,能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。专题八│专题导读科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有:1.总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分、由分到总。2.承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接。3.递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外,还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。专题八│真题典例[2011·湖南卷]ArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct(不同的)species.ThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants—theAsianelephant,Africanforestelephant,andAfricansavannaelephant.真题典例专题八│真题典例OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences(序列)fromtwofossils(化石),mammothsandmastodons,theteamcomparedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.专题八│真题典例ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.专题八│真题典例Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies,butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously,manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies,despitetheelephants'significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasan专题八│真题典例averageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2.5metres.Thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons,roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisoftheDNA.专题八│真题典例AlfredRoca,assistantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois,said,“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes.Since1950,allAfricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanim...