百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我- 0 -- 0 - 启德教育 TOEFL入学程度测试卷――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――学员姓名 ____________________ 学员年龄 ____________________ 测试老师 ____________________ 测试时间 ____________________ 测试成绩 ____________________ 建议班级 ____________________ 百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我- 1 -- 1 - 一、阅读部分(20’)Types of Social Groups Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction— and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate...
