济宁孔子国际学校 AP 微观经济学知识点梳理 I. Basic Economic Concepts 经济学基础概念 (8–14%) 选择 A. Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost 稀缺性（概念），选择（概念），机会成本（计算） a. Scarcity(Unlimited want vs. Limited resources )→ Make choices→ Economics b. Opportunity cost (The best choice you give up) include explicit and implicit cost, the slope 公式：Opportunity Cost of doing A=loss in B / gain in A c. Factors of productions are resources. B. Production possibilities curve 生产可能性边界曲线（识图，计算） 横纵坐标轴分别是两种产品的产量，斜率是机会成本。 a. 曲线弯: law of increasing opportunity cost（生产鞋和电脑的资源不可相互替代）；because the resources are not perfectly adaptable. b. 直的: 生产两种物品的资源可完全替代，也就是说资源完全可以通用，机会成本恒定。 C. Comparative advantage, absolute advantage, specialization and trade 比较优势（计算），绝对优势（计算），专业化（概念），贸易（概念） a. 绝对优势：more productive. 生产一单位 less time or less input。（或者单位 time 或 input生产更多）如果给的是时间，则不用换算 b. 比较优势：lower opportunity cost. xxx/hour 别忘了是与本国生产另一产品的 opportunity cost 相比较 c. Specialization and trade can increase productivity and output. Economic growth could be achieved by: Increase in the quantity of resources Increase in the quality of existing resources Technological advancements d. Trade can be good to both countries even if one country has the absolute advantage in all products. Two countries trade only when they have comparative advantage on different good. After trading, countries gain more production at lower cost. D. Economic systems, Property rights and the role of incentives 计划经济和市场经济（概念），产权（概念），激励的作用（概念） Command economy:公平 equitable，government determines，but sophistica...
