1. 管理：(management) 协调和监管他人的工作活动，从而使他们有效率有效果地完成工作。Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.2. 管理学（management）是一门以社会组织和组织领导为讨论对象的社会科学。（维基百科）Management is a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership.3. 管理职能（management functions）包含计划、组织、领导、控制 4 种。It includes Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling.4. 计划(Planning) 设定目标，确定战略，并制定计划以整合和协调各项活动。Defining goals, establishing strategy and developing plans to coordinate activities.5. 组织(Organizing) 决定做什么，怎么做，谁去做。Determining what needs to be done, how it will be done and who is to do it. 6. 领导(Leading) 指导和激励所有的群体和个人，解决冲突。Motivating, leading and any other actions involved in dealing with people.7. 控制(Controlling) 监控活动以确保它们按计划完成Monitoring activities to ensure that they are accomplished as planned.8. 创新(Innovation) 以不同的方式做事，探究新的领域并承担风险。Doing things differently, exploring new territory and taking risks.9.管理二重性（Duality Enterprise Management）是指管理的自然属性和社会属性Refers to the management of the natural and social attributes10.自然属性（natural quality）是与生产力、社会化大生产相联系的管理自然属性It is the management of natural attributes associated with productivity and social production. 11.社会属性（Social attributes）是与生产关系、社会制度相联系的管理社会属性 It is the relationship between the production and the social system and the management of social attributes.12.管理者角色 (managerial roles)是指管理者根据人们的预期在实践中展示的具体行为或表现。 Refers to the specific behavior or performance management in ...
