任务型阅读与书面表达组合练(三)(限时40分钟)Ⅰ.任务型阅读(2017·南京、盐城高三二模)“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon，”saidPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellers(居民)havea21%higherriskofsufferingfromanxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofsufferingfrommooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedunclear—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyerLindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(机能性磁共振成像，简称fMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrymenwhentheyareunderstress.InDrMeyerLindenberg'sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheywereboundtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25－40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmoreembarrassing,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.Thecitypeople'sgeneralmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheruralcountrymen.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestresscausedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalas(杏仁核)andtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(前扣带皮层，简称pACC)．Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.InthecaseofthepACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson'schildhood,themoreactivehispACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.TheamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehereandnowwhilethepACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Secondtosecondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobeconnectedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.fMRIallowssuchconnectionstobemeasured.Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,theconnectionswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,theseconnectionsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutoforder.DrMeyerLindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralmoreexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheyhadmentallyupsanddowns—whileinvestigatorsscoldedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstressfreetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthepACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentaleffort.Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmallandtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDrMeyerLindenberg'sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.Dourbanbrainsbehavedifferentlyfromruralones？PurposeoftheresearchTheresearchwasconductedtoexplainwhycitydwellersaremorelikelyto(1)________seriousdisordersthancountrymen.ProcessoftheresearchDesignoftheresearch●Theresearchersmadetheparticipantstakedifficultmathstestsandprovidednegativefeedback,whichservedasthesourceof(2)______fortheparticipants.●Meanwhiletheresearch...
