学习必备欢迎下载Unit2AAmericaisexperiencingamajorepidemictoday.现今美国正在经历一场重要的流行病。Unlikeepidemicsofthepast,itisnotadiseasetransmittedbybacteriaorviruses.不同于过去的流行病,它不是由细菌或病毒传染的疾病。Thisepidemicisanincreaseindiseasesandproblemsrelatedtostress,andittouchesallofourlives.这个流行病的增加是与压力有关的疾病和问题引起的,它涉及我们生活的方方面面。In1900theaveragelifeexpectancyinthiscountrywas47,andthemajorkillerdiseasesincludedtuberculosispneumonia,influenza,cholera,typhoid,andsmallpox——infectiousdiseaseswhichstruckpeopleofallages,regardlessoftheirlifestyle.1900年,这个国家的平均预期寿命为47岁,其主要致命疾病包括肺结核肺炎,流行性感冒,霍乱,伤寒,天花-这些传染性疾病袭击了所有年龄层的人,不管他们的生活方式怎样。Today,ontheotherhand,lifeexpectancyhasbeenextendedto74,thanksinlargeparttotheconquestoftheacuteinfectiousdiseasethroughimprovedsanitation,betterdistributionandstorageoffoods,andtheintroductionofimmunizationandantibiotics.如今,在另一方面,预期寿命已延长至74岁,这在很大程度上是由于对于急性传染病的征服,通过改善卫生条件,更好地分配和储存食物,以及引进免疫方法和抗生素。Peopletodayaredyingofdifferentdiseasesthantheydidattheturnofthe20thcentury,andtheprincipalcausesofdeathtodayareheartdisease,stroke,cancer,cirrhosisoftheliver,anddiabetes.当今人们死于的疾病与20世纪初不同,现在死亡的主要原因是心脏病,中风,癌症,肝硬化,糖尿病等。Thesenoninfectious,chronicdiseaseshavebeenshowntobedirectlyrelatedtothewaywelive,andoneofthedominantfactorsintheirdevelopmentisstress——anelementofmodernlifewhichistakinganincreasingtollonourphysicalandmentalwell-being.这些非传染性,慢性疾病已被证明是与我们的生活方式有直接联系的,使其发展的主要因素之一是压力——这一现代生活元素,正对我们的身体和精神健康造成越来越严重的危害。Technicallyspeaking,stressisaphysiologicalstateofthebody,astateofarousalinresponsetoaperceiveddangerorthreat.从技术上来说,压力是机体对感知到的危险或威胁反应而表现的一种生理性兴奋状态。Weareallfamiliarwiththephysicalsignsandsymptomsofthestressstate.我们都熟悉压力状态下的身体信号和症状。Thinkabouthowyoufeltthatlasttimeyouhadtoswervetoavoidacollisionwhichdriving:yourheartraced,yourpalmsbecamesweaty,yourmusclestensed,andyourstomachknotted.想想你上一次在驾驶时突然转向以避免碰撞是何感觉:你的心狂跳起来,你的手掌变得多汗,你的肌肉紧张,而你的心也揪在一起了。学习必备欢迎下载Suchacombinationofsensationsistheresultofacomplexphysicalchainreactionwhichoccursinyourbodyinresponsetoathreat.这种感觉的结合是一个复杂的身体连锁反应的结果,出现在你的身体对威胁做出反应的时候。Thesechangesareuniversalandpredictable,andtheyhappentoeveryone.这些变化是普遍的并且可以预见的,可以发生在每一个人身上。Ourprehistoricancestors,uponencounteringadangerousanimalinthewild,wouldhavefeltexactlythesameresponseastheirbodiesswitchedintoastress-induced“high-gear”todealwiththeemergency.我们的史前祖先,一旦在野外意外地遇见危险动物,就会感受到完全一样的反应,当他们的身体转入一种紧张引起的“高速挡”,以应对紧急状况。PhysiologistWalterCannon,backinthe1920s,labeledthisreactionthefight-or-flightresponse.生理学家沃尔特坎农,追溯到20世纪20年代,把这种反应称为打或逃跑反应。Asthetermimplies,theoriginalpurposeofthefight-or-flightresponsewastopreparethebodytorespondeitherbyfightingtheenemy,orbyfleeing.这个术语暗示,战或逃跑反应的最初目的是准备让身体作出反应,要么对抗敌人,要么逃离。Whetherthep...