美国文学史整理一、ColonialAmerica殖民时期1、NewEngland：Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut.2、DoctrinesofPuritanism清教AmericanPuritanismstressedpredestination（命运神定),originalsin（原罪）,totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod’sgrace.3、Writingstyle：fresh,simpleanddirectandwithatouchofnobility；therhetoricisplainandhonest.4、Lifestyle：hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.5、Mainwriter:①ThomasPaine托马斯·潘恩work：CommonSense(1776)《常识》AmericanCrisis(1776-1783)《美国危机》TheRightsofMan《人权》TheAgeofReason《理性时代》②BenjaminFranklin（本杰明·富兰克林）PoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography《富兰克林自传》③ThomasJefferson托马斯·杰弗逊DeclarationofIndependence(1776)《独立宣言》二、AmericanRomanticism(earlyperiod)浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。②Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。③Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。④Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.强调人与自然之间的密切关系。⑤Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪⑥Cherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。2、Features：NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.3、writersandworks:①HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗APsalmofLife(1838)《人生礼赞》VoicesoftheNight(1839)《夜吟》TheSongofHiawatha(1855)《海华沙之歌》TheCourtshipofMilesStandish(1858)《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》TalesofaWaysideInn(1863)《路边客栈的故事》②WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文AHistoryofNewYork(1809)《纽约外史》TheSketchBook(1819-1820)《见闻札记》“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》(ThecognomenofCranewasnotinapplicabletohisperson⋯..)BracebridgeHall(1822)《布雷斯布里奇田庄》TalesofaTraveller(1824)《旅客谈》③JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leather-stockingTales《皮袜子故事集》ThePioneer《拓荒者》ThePrairie《大草原》TheSpy《间谍》三、NewEnglandTranscendentalism(新英格兰超验主义)1、Over-soul（超灵）~wasanall-pervadingpowergoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent.(简答)IndividualismindividualwasthemostimportantafreshviewofnaturesymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.2、writersandworks:①RalphWaldoEmerson艾默生Nature(1836)《论自然》<节选：Standingonthebareground,—myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintospace,—allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparcelofGod.>TheAmericanScholar(1837)《论美国学者》DivinitySchoolAddress(1838)《神学院演说》Self-Reliance(1841)《论自助》RepresentativeMen(1850)《代表人物》TheTranscendentalist《超验主义者》TheOver-Soul《论超灵》②HenryDavidThoreau梭罗
