传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译SensortechnologyAsensorisadevicewhichproducesasignalinresponsetoitsdetectingormeasuringaproperty,suchasposition,force,torque,pressure,temperature,humidity,speed,acceleration,orvibration.Traditionally,sensors(suchasactuatorsandswitches)havebeenusedtosetlimitsontheperformanceofmachines.Commonexamplesare(a)stopsonmachinetoolstorestrictworktablemovements,(b)pressureandtemperaturegageswithautomaticsshut-offfeatures,and(c)governorsonenginestopreventexcessivespeedofoperation.Sensortechnologyhasbecomeanimportantaspectofmanufacturingprocessesandsystems.Itisessentialforproperdataacquisitionandforthemonitoring,communication,andcomputercontrolofmachinesandsystems.Becausetheyconvertonequantitytoanother,sensorsoftenarereferredtoastransducers.Analogsensorsproduceasignal,suchasvoltage,whichisproportionaltothemeasuredquantity.Digitalsensorshavenumericordigitaloutputsthatcanbetransferredtocomputersdirectly.Analog-to-coverter(ADC)isavailableforinterfacinganalogsensorswithcomputers.ClassificationsofSensorsSensorsthatareofinterestinmanufacturingmaybeclassifiedgenerallyasfollows:Machanicalsensorsmeasuresuchasquantitiesaspositions,shape,velocity,force,torque,pressure,vibration,strain,andmass.Electricalsensorsmeasurevoltage,current,charge,andconductivity.Magneticsensorsmeasuremagneticfield,flux,andpermeablity.Thermalsensorsmeasuretemperature,flux,conductivity,andspecialheat.Othertypesareacoustic,ultrasonic,chemical,optical,radiation,laser,andfiber-optic.Dependingonitsapplication,asensormayconsistofmetallic,nonmetallic,organic,orinorganicmaterials,aswellasfluids,gases,plasmas,orsemiconductors.Usingthespecialcharacteristicsofthesematerials,sensorscovertthequantityorpropertymeasuredtoanalogordigitaloutput.Theoperationofanordinarymercurythermometer,forexample,isbasedonthedifferencebetweenthethermalexpansionofmercuryandthatofglass.Similarly,amachinepart,aphysicalobstruction,orbarrierinaspacecanbedetectedbybreakingthebeamoflightwhensensedbyaphotoelectriccell.Aproximitysensor(whichsensesandmeasuresthedistancebetweenitandanobjectoramovingmemberofamachine)canbebasedonacoustics,magnetism,capacitance,oroptics.Otheractuatorscontacttheobjectandtakeappropriateaction(usuallybyelectromechanicalmeans).Sensorsareessentialtotheconductofintelligentrobots,andarebeingdevelopedwithcapabilitiesthatresemblethoseofhumans(smartsensors,seethefollowing).ThisisAmerica,thedevelopmentofsuchasurgeryLinBaianexample,throughthescreen,througharemotecontroloperatortocontrolanothermanipulator,throughtherealizationoftherightabdominalsurgeryAfewyearsagoourcountrytheexhibition,theUnitedStateshasbeensuccessfulinachievingtherighttotheheartvalvesurgeryandbypasssurgery.Thisrobothasinthearea,causedagreatsensation,butalso,AESOP'ssurgicalrobot,Infact,itthroughsomeequipmenttosomeofthelesionsinspections,throughamanipulatorcanbeachievedonsomepartsoftheoperationAlsoincludingremotelyoperatedmanipulator,andmanydoctorsareabletoparticipateintherobotundersurgeryRobotdoctortoincludedoctorswithpliers,tweezersoraknifetoreplacethenurses,whilelightingautomaticallytothedoctor'smovementslinked,thedoctorhandsoff,lightingwentoff,Thisisverygood,adoctor'sassistant.Tactilesensingisthecontinuousofvariablecontactforces,commonlybyanarrayofsensors.Suchasystemiscapableofperformingwithinanarbitrarythree-dimensionalspace.hasgraduallyshiftedf...
