中科院分子生物学试题库题库4VIP免费

第1页共34页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第1页共34页GLOSSARYAbundanceofanmRNAistheaveragenumberofmoleculespercell.AbundantmRNAsconsistofasmallnumberofindividualspecies,eachpresentinalargenumberofcopiespercell.Acceptorsplicingsite—seerightsplicingjunction.Acentricfragmentofachromosome(generatedbybreakage)lacksacentromereandislostcelldivision.Acrocentricchromosomehasthecentromerelocatedneareroneendthantheother.Activesiteistherestrictedpartofaproteintowhichasubstratebinds.Alleleisoneofseveralalternativeformsofageneoccupyingagivenlocusonachromosome.Allelicexclusiondescribestheexpressioninanyparticularlymphocyteofonlyoneallelecodingfortheexpressedimmunoglobulin.Allostericcontrolreferstotheabilityofaninteractionatonesiteofaproteintoinfluencetheactivityofanothersite.Alufamilyisasetofdispersed,relatedsequences,each～300bplong,inthehumangenome.TheindividualmembershaveAlucleavagesitesateachend(hencethename).Alu-equivalentfamilyisthesetofsequencesinamammaliangenomethatisrelatedtothehumanAlufamily.α-AmanitinisabicyclicoctapeptidederivedfromthepoisonousmushroomAmanitaphalloides;itinhibhitstranscriptionbycertaineukaryoticRNApolymerases,especiallyRNApolymeraseII.AmbercodonisthenucleotidetripletUAG,oneofthreecodonsthatcauseterminationofproteinsynthesis.AmbermutaiondescribesanychangeinDNAthatcreatesanambercodonatasitepreviouslyoccupiedbyacodonrepresentinganaminoacidinaprotein.AmbersuppressorsaremutantgenesthatcodefortRNAswhoseanticodonshavebeenalteredsothattheycanrespondtoUAGcodonsaswellasorinsteadoftotheirpreviouscodons.Aminoacyl-tRNAistransferRNAcarryinganaminoacid;thecovalentlinkageisbetweentheNH2groupoftheaminoacidandeitherthe3’-or-2’-OHgroupoftheterminalbaseofthetRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetasesareenzymesresponsibleforcovalentlylinkingaminoacidstothe2’or3’-OHpositionoftRNA.Amphipathicstructureshavetwosurfaces,onehydrophilicandonehydrophobic.Lipidsareamphipathic;andsomeproteinregionsmayformamphipathic;andsomeproteinregionsmayformamphipathichelices,withonechargedfaceandoneneutralface.Amplificationreferstotheproductionofadditionalcopiesofachromosomalsequence,foundasintrachromosomalorextrachromoxomalDNA.Anchoragedependencedescribestheneedofnormaleukaryoticcellsforasurfacetoattachtoinordertogrowinculture.第2页共34页第1页共34页编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第2页共34页Aneuploidchromosomeconstitutiondifferesfromtheusaldiploidconstitutionbylossorduplicationofchromosomesorchromosomalsegments.AnnealingisthepairingofcomplementarysinglestrandsofDNAtoformadoublehelix.Antibodyisaprotein(immunoglobulin)producedbyBlymphocytecellsthatrecognizesaparticularforeign‘antigen,’andthuswtriggerstheimmuneresponse.AnticodingstrandofduplesDNAisusedasatemplatetodirectthesynthesisofRNAthatiscomplementarytoit.Antigenisanymoleculewhoseentryintoanorganismprovokessynthesisofanantibody(immunoglobulin).Antiparallelstrandsofthedoublehelixareorganizedinoppositeorientation,sothatthe5’endofonestrandisaligenedwiththe3’endoftheotherstrand.AntiterminationproteinsallowRNApolymerasetotranscribethroughcertainterminatorsites.ApendonucleasesmakeincisionsinDNAonthe5’sideofeitherapurinicorapyrimidincsites.ApoinducerisaproteinthatbindstoDNAtoswitchontranscriptionbyRNApolymerase.Archebacteriacompriseaminorlineofprokaryotes,andmayhaveintronsinthegenome.Ascusofafungusc...