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十五、句子成分★主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词）Twoswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词）WhenmearegoingtohaveanEaglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）★谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2复合谓语⒈由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmakethebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.⒉由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.★表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,becone,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.(分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词）HisjobistoteachEaglish.(不定式）Hishobby(爱好）isplayingfootball.(动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句）★宾语1宾语的位置宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语）Ithink(that）heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句）2宾语种类⒈双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）如：Lendmeourdictionary,please.⒉复合宾语（宾语+宾补）如：Theyelectedhintheirmonitor.★定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分表示：如：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelceingcountry;Americaisadevelcgedcountry.(分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEaglish.(介词短语）★状语1状语的作用状语用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或者全句。⒈修饰形容词Hisperformanceisprettygood.他的表现非常好。⒉修饰副词Theleopardrunsveryfast.美洲豹跑得非常快。⒊修饰动词Theprofessorintroducehimselfbriefly.教授简单地介绍了他自己。⒋修饰全句Theaccidenthappenedlastnight.事故发生在昨天晚上。2状语的分类⒈地点状语：动作或状态所处于的地点Thestudentsaredoingtheirhomeworkintheclassroom.学生们正在教室里做作业。⒉时间状语：动作或状态所处于的时间IlearnedalotfromthepeasantswhenIlivedinthecountryside.我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。⒊目的状语：动作的目的Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveontime.他们早点动身，以便准时到达。⒋原因状语：动作或状态所处于的原因Shewillnotgohomebecauseshehastoattendameeting.因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。⒌结果状语：动作或状态所产生的结果LiMingstudiedsohardthathecaughtupwiththeothersveryquickly.李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。⒍程度状语：...