Module4GreatScientistsPeriod4Readingandwriting—StephenHawkingandAlbertEinstein■Goals●Tolearnreadandwritepassagesaboutscientists■ProceduresStep1:LearningaboutStephenHawking“Iwouldliketospeculate(思索)alittle,onthedevelopmentoflifeintheuniverse,andinparticular,thedevelopmentofintelligentlife.Ishalltakethistoincludethehumanrace,eventhoughmuchofitsbehaviorthroughouthistoryhasbeenprettystupid,andnotcalculatedtoaidthesurvivalofthespecies.”ByStephenHawkingBiography(传记)StephenWilliamHawkingwasbornon8January1942(300yearsafterthedeathofGalileo)inOxford,England.Hawkingshowedgreattalentinmathematicsandphysicsatanearlyage.HewaseducatedatSt.AlbansSchool,inHertfordshire,andatUniversityCollege,Oxford(牛津实行学院制度,大学学院是牛津最古老的学院之一)whereheobtainedafirst-classhonorsdegreeinNaturalScience.Duringthistime,hehadbeenparticularlyinterestedinthermodynamics(热力学),relativitytheory,andquantummechanics(量子力学).HemovedtoCambridgeUniversitytocompletehisPhDincosmologyatTrinityHall.WhileatCambridgein1965,hemarriedJaneWilde,thedaughterofSamanthaWilde,whomhehadmetataNewYear’spartyinSt.Albansin1963.HawkingwaselectedasoneoftheyoungestfellowsoftheRoyalSocietyin1974,wasappointedCommanderoftheBritishEmpirein1982,andbecameaCompanionofHonorin1989.Heisarespectedphysicist,withmanyworksrecognizedbyboththeInternationalAssociationofNaturalPhysicsandtheAmericanPhysics-AstronomyGuildofAmherst.Step2:ReadingapassageaboutStephenHawkingYouaregoingtoreadthethree-paragraphpassageaboutStephenHawkingandnumbertheparagraphsinthecorrectorder.Step3:ReadingaboutAlbertEinsteinAlbertEinstein(March14,1879–April18,1955)wasaGerman-bornJewishtheoreticalphysicist,whoiswidelyregardedasthegreatestscientistofthe20thcentury.Heproposedthetheoryofrelativityandalsomademajorcontributionstothedevelopmentofquantummechanics,statisticalmechanics,andcosmology.Hewasawardedthe1921NobelPrizeforPhysicsforhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffectin1905(his“miracleyear”)and“forhisservicestoTheoreticalPhysics.”AfterhisgeneraltheoryofrelativitywasformulatedinNovember1915,Einsteinbecameworld-famous,anunusualachievementforascientist.Inhislateryears,hisfameexceededthatofanyotherscientistinhistory.Inpopularculture,hisnamehasbecomesynonymouswithgreatintelligenceandevengenius.用心爱心专心Einsteinhimselfwasdeeplyconcernedwiththesocialimpactofscientificdiscoveries.Hisreverenceforallcreation,hisbeliefinthegrandeur,beauty,andsublimityoftheuniverse(theprimarysourceofinspirationinscience),hisawefortheschemethatismanifestedinthematerialuniverse—alloftheseshowthroughinhisworkandphilosophy.Step4:WritingapassageaboutAlbertEinsteinAlbertEinsteinchangedscience.AlbertEinsteinwasborninUlm,Germany,in1879.Hisfatherownedafactorythatmadeelectricaldevices.Hismotherenjoyedmusicandbooks.HisparentswereJewishbuttheydidnotobservemanyofthereligion'srules.Albertwasaquietchildwhospentmuchofhistimealone.Hewasslowtotalkandhaddifficultylearningtoread.WhenAlbertwasfiveyearsold,hisfathergavehimacompass.Thechildwasfilledwithwonderwhenhediscoveredthatthecompassneedlealwayspointedinthesamedirection--tothenorth.Heaskedhisfatherandhisunclewhatcausedtheneedletomove.Theiranswersaboutmagnetismandgravityweredifficultfortheboytounderstand.Yethespentalotoftimethinkingaboutthem.Hesaidlaterthathefeltsomethinghiddenhadtobebehindthings.用心爱心专心
