衔接“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。后来在他与Hasan合著的CohesioninEnglish一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系。他们认为，衔接是产生语篇的必要的条件在他们看来，有了衔接不一定产生语篇，但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexicalcohesion）。其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接•1.指代referencepersonalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereferencesPersonalreference•Personalreferenceisreferencebymeansoffunctioninsituation.Thefollowingarepersonalreferences:•Masculine:he/him,his•Feminine:she/her,hers•Neuter:it/its•Generalizedhuman:they/them/theirs/theirExamples•(1)A:Howoldisyourson?•B:Heisseven.•(2)A:Howoldisyourson?•B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.•(3)•A:ClaireandKentclimbedMt.McKinleylastsummer.•B:Shephotographedthepeak,andhesurveyedit.DemonstrativereferenceDemonstrativereferenceisareferencebymeansoflocation.E.g.Leavethatthereandcomehere.Thesearemyfavoritesandthosearemyfavoritestoo.Comparativereferences•Comparativereferencesisreferencebymeansofcomparison.•Thefollowingarecomparativereferences:as,such,so,likewise,similarly,otherwise,else,differently,bigger,more,less,better…Examples•ChildA:Thecatrunsrealfast.•ChildB:No,thelionrunsmuchfaster.•ChildA:Thecatisfaster,theliondoesn’tevenrun.•ChildB:No,thelionisthefastest.Mydadsaidthis.•Thisisthecaseofcomparativereference.•2.替代substitution•Thisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名词性替代）•“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhatthey’relike.”•“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）逻辑衔接•4.连接conjunction•A.通过标点符号衔接•Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.•B.通过连接词衔接词汇衔接lexis（1）重复(repetition)重复主要指语篇中单词和词组的重复，词汇重复的使用可以使语篇连贯，给读者留下深刻的印象，从而达到突出主题的目的。如：Iwantawifewhowilltakecareofmyphysicalneeds,Iwantawifewhowillkeepmyhouseclean,awifewhowillpickupafterme,Iwantawifewhowillkeepmyclothesclean,ironed,mended,replacedwhenneedtobe…Iwantawifewhowillplanthemenus…IwantawifewhowillcareformewhenI’msick…这篇摘自美国女作家JudySyfers的IWantaWife的文中，短短700词左右的文章，wife/wife’s就用了50多次；“Iwantawife”这个句式出现了30多次。使用重复的手段列举了“妻子”的沉重负担，这样反复使用同一词汇wife/wife’s和句子Iwantawife，不但不显得累赘，反而使作者的写作目的表达得淋漓尽致，文章的主题一目了然。（2）同义/反义(synonym/antonym)同义性指具有同样意义或相近意义的不同词项之间的接应关系，这个词的意义可以指人、物、过程或性质。反义性的功能是在两个词项之间可以期待一种意义有区别的对比关系。如：1.Ifyouwanttostayhappilymarried,alwaysbepreparedtocompromise.Whenyouhavedifferentopinionsaboutsomething,youeachgivewayalittle.2.Balancingworkandschoolwasdifficult.“Iwasstayinguplatestudying,andgoingtoworkearlyeverymorning.”例1中的compromise和giveway是一对同义词，这样既丰富了语篇的表现力，又使文章增色不少。例2中的stayinguplate和goingtoworkearly是一对反义词，强调两种不同的动作，语篇意思明确，表现生动。同义词和反义词的使用突出了语义的连贯，使语言更加丰富...
