blot污渍，污点→斑点，印迹本身为名词，但在医学文献里一般作形容词用，其后需接被饰名词，如dotblotanalysis/assay/hybridization。dotblotanalysis=dotblotting，故（以Northern为例)：Northernblot不能独存→Northernblotanalysis/Northernblotting。但Northernblotmethod这个词不地道，用者几非英美人；用Northernblotting表达就行了。Northernblotting:RNA印迹法（北方印迹法）Southernblotting:DNA印迹法（南方印迹法）Westernblotting:蛋白印迹法（西式印迹法）6一些最常用同义或近义词的区别•Affect与influence•Among与between•By与with•Case与patient•Deathrate与mortality•Effect、influence及impact•Hurt、injury、trauma和wound•Recurrence（症状再现）与relapse（疾病复发）•In，within和after/before(表时间)…Affect指一种强烈的刺激足以引起反应，通常是一种“伤害”。例如：Smokingaffectshealth.吸烟有害(于身体)。Influence指一种因素对人或事物产生影响或作用，结果可好可坏。例如：Thedailyoutputofurineisinfluencedbydiet，theamountoffluidsdrunk，andthetemperature.每天的尿排出量受饮食、饮水量和体温的影响。Among4meninwhomerectileimpotencecomprised（构成）oneoftheindicationsforintervention,3reportedsustainedrestorationofsexualfunction.•Toexaminepregnancyoutcomeamongwomenage40yearsandolder.•Thereisaslightdifferencebetweenthesefoursynonyms.这四个同义词相互有细微差别。•Pairwiseanalysesshowedahighdegreeoflinkagedisequilibrium(P=10-5-10-8)betweenthese3TCRBVloci.•一般地说，with后跟有形的具体物质(如仪器)的名词，by后面接表示概念一类的抽象名词，该名词代表的事物看不见、摸不着。如：•Culturedfibroblast-likesynoviocyteswerestimulatedwithinterleukin-1inthepresenceorabsenceofadenosinereceptoragonists.•PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.•习惯表达例外，如by（乘）steam、bybus.•介词with和by在很多情况下，可跟using互换：•ImmunoreactiveMMPsweremeasuredusing(by)specificenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassays，andgeneexpressionwasassessedby(using)Northernblotanalysis.•Patient与case•Case指的是某种疾病的例子，不作人讲，而patient则是指患有某种疾病的人，且接受某种治疗。•aparticularinstanceofdisease,asacaseofleukemia;sometimesusedincorrectlytodesignatethepatientwiththedisease.•不少作者不懂得case与patient是有区别的，常在该用patient的地方用了case，如：•Case1wastreatedfor6weekswith….•此句应改为：（case既不能被treat，也不能被follow-up。)•Patient1wastreatedfor...•Incase1,thepatientwastreatedfor…；•但Case1wasanalyzed.则是对的。•它们的另一个区别是所跟介词不同：patient总是跟with连用，case几乎一定要与of为伍，例如：•HLAclassIantigensweretypedserolo-gically,andclassIIantigensmolecularly,insamplestakenfrom33patientswithAS,30patientswithReA,and55healthyHLA-B27positivecontrols.可以ASpatients;AS:ankylosingspondylitis强直性脊椎炎;ReA:reactivearthritis反应性关节炎…422000newcasesofclosedheadinjuries•Ofthesevencasesofnon-unionthereweretwocasesofastablefibrousunion.•Effect,influence和impact•Effect一般指正面效应，influence则多指负面影响，而impact似乎具有损害作用；此三词与其搭配的介词都是on，在文中出现的频率，依次递减。•cAMPmediatestheinhibitoryeffectofNECAoncollagenaseproduction.•Toascertaintheinfluenceofestrogenreplacementtherapy(ERT)onbloodandurinaryzincinpostmenopausalwomen.•TodeterminetheimpactofimmunosuppressiononmenstruationinHIV-infectedwomen.•Hurt,injury,traumaandwound•Hurt和injury一般指意外事故伤•wound多用于指战伤•trauma可以指任何创伤包括身体的和心理的。•搭配介词都是to，如injurytohands＝handinjury...
