Tractiontraction•Tractionistheapplicationofapullingforcetoapartofthebody•Whenevertractionisapplied,countertractionmustbeusedtoachieveeffectivetraction.•Countertractionistheforceactingintheoppositedirection,usuallythepatientsbodyweightandbedpositionadjustmentssupplytheneededcounterttraction•Purposeandeffective•1.reduceafractureanddiscolation•2.maintaincorrectalignmentofbonefragmentsduringhealing•3.immobilizealimbwhilesofttissuehealingtakesplace•4.overcomemusclespasm•5.stretchadhesion•6.correctdeformities•Tractiontypes•1.skintraction•2.skeletaltractionSkintractionadhesivetapetractionSkintraction:•foamrubberbootSkintractionSkintraction:belttraction•CervicaltractionPelvictractionSkeletaltractionNursinginterventionsCasts•Themostcommonexternalfixationdevice•Material:•1.Plasterofparis(anhydrouscalciumsulfate,无水硫酸钙)•2.Fiberglass•3.PlasticTypesofcasts•Short-armcast•Long-armcast•Shoulderspica•Short-legcast•Long-legcast•Hipspica•WalkingcastwalkingheelCastsnursinginterventionsFunctionalexercisesFunctionalexercises•1.early(1~2w):目的：促进血液循环，消除肿胀，防止肌肉萎缩，进行患肢肌肉舒缩。•2.middle(2~3w)：防止肌肉萎缩和关节粘连，患肢骨折远近关节运动为主。•3.later(6~8w)：促进功能全面恢复，进行重点关节为主的全身锻炼。Functionalexercises•肢体运动的方法：•1.被动运动•2.主动运动•3.助力运动•4.手法治疗•肌肉锻炼形式：•1.等长收缩•2.等张收缩•3.等动收缩
