第三章中尺度模式的动力框架4_2009VIP免费

中尺度模式1、COAMPS2、MM53、WRFAtmosphericmodelingcapabilitiesinclude:1)TheU.S.Navy'sCoupledOcean-AtmosphereMesoscalePredictionSystem(COAMPS),anon-hydrostaticmodel2)TheMesoscaleMeteorologyModelVersion5(MM5),anon-hydrostaticmodel3)TheWeatherResearchandForecastModel(WRF),anext-generationmesoscalepredictionsystemMESOSCALEMODELS—APARTIALLISTModelDevelopingand/orImplementingInstitutionEta,NGMNCEPCommunityMeso.Model,RFEAES(Canada)ECMWFModelECMWFUKMOModelU.K.Met.OfficeALADINMeteo-FranceHIRLAMMetServices:Ireland,Sweden,Finland,Denmark,SpainJLASMJapaneseMet.AgencyCSIROLAMAustraliaLokalmodellDeutschWetterdienst(Germany)MM5NCAR/PennStateRAMSColoradoStateARPSUniv.OfOklahomaCOAMPSU.S.Navy/NRLRUCNOAA/ForecastSystemsLabWRFNCARCOAMPSAtmosphericModelPhysicsandNumericsPhysics（Hodur,1997,J.Atmos.Sci.）Nonhydrostatic,compressibleequations(KlempandWilhelmson,JAS1978)SchemeCgrid(ArakawaandLamb,1974)NestedgridoptionSigma-zverticalcoordinate(Gal-ChenandSomerville,JPC1975)Explicitmoistphysics(RutledgeandHobbs,JAS1983)Cumulusparameterization(KainandFritsch,JAS1990)Level2.5TKEclosure(MellorandYamada,RGSP1982)Surfacelayerparameterization(Louis,BLM1979)Radiationparameterization(Harshvardhan,JGR1987)Time-dependentboundaryconditions:Davis(QJRMS1976)Perkey-Krietzberg(MWR1976)Periodic,radiation,orfixed,foridealizedsimulationsPrognosticEquationsMM5http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/mm5-home.htmlMM5能够用于理论和实时模拟研究包括对季风，飓风以及龙卷风所作的预报模拟和4维数据同化。在更小的中β和中γ尺度上（2-200km），MM5可以用于研究中尺度的对流系统，锋面，海陆风，山谷环流以及城市的热岛效应。BACKGROUNDMM5:FIFTH-GENERATIONPENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVERSITY/NCARMESOSCALEMODEL53D,NONHYDROSTATIC,PRIMITIVEEQUATIONMODELMM5SYSTEMSuiteofprogramsdesignedto(i)prepare(ii)produce(iii)analyzeameteorologicalsimulationUSEa)Research(historicalsimulations)b)Forecasting(real-timeoperation)ORIGINSRegionalmodelforairqualitystudy(AnthesandWarner1978:Mon.Wea.Rev.,106,1045–1078)MM4:Early1980’s–1993Nonhydrostaticversiondevelopedin1993(Dudhia1993:Mon.Wea.Rev.,121,1493-1513)DEVELOPMENTVersion1:1993–1996Version2:1996–1999Version3:July1999Newreleasesevery3–4monthspyppypyppxppxppxppxppxxpxpzz111111pdpvCRCC118.1式MM5ExampleofanMM5nestingconfigurationDomain1=coarsestgrid,level1Domains2,3=level2Domain4=level3Domains2,3=overlappinggrids3)MM5OPERATION•STAGES(1)PreprocessingInputdatapreparation(2)ProcessingCompilationandsimulation(3)PostprocessingAnalysisofoutput•PREPROCESSINGStepMM5SystemPrograma)Preparemodelterrain‘Terrain’b)Prepare1stguessfield‘Regrid’c)Reanalyze1stguessw/obs‘Little-r’(future:3DVAR)d)Interpolateinputto-levels‘Interp’VERTICALCOORDINATE:Terrain-following(cf.Etamodel–stepcoord)ptop=const(e.g.,50mb,100mb)=1(sfc)0(top)ppppppptoptopsurftop00•PROCESSINGa)Compilation–F77,F90b)Execution–MM5operableonbothsharedmemoryparallel(SMP)&distributedmemoryparallel(DMP)architectures–High-performancecomputer/workstationplatforms:SGI,Compaq/DEC,HP,Sun,Cray,Fujitsu,IBM–MM5operableonPC’sorlaptops•POSTPROCESSING–Modeloutputvisualizationandanalysisdonewith(generallybatchmode)graphicssoftware–Plottingpackages‘Graph’(officialMM5plottingsoftware;NCARGraphicsreq’d)‘RIP’(NCARGraphicsreq’d)‘VIS5D’(interactive)‘Gempak’‘GrADS’RIPVIS5DGempakGrADS4)MM5USERINFORMATION•GENERALINFORMATION–http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5•MM5SYSTEMACQUISITIONftpftp.ucar.educd~mesouser/MM5V3•DOCUMENTATION–Sourcesandinfo:http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/doc.html–Mainreferences“ADescriptionoftheFifth-GenerationPennState/NCARMesoscaleModel5(MM5)”(Grelletal.1994)“PSU/NCARMesoscaleModellingSystemTutorialClassNotes”•MM5MEETINGS–Info:http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/whatisnew.html–Events(@NCAR—Boulder,CO)AnnualMM5Users’Workshop(June)MM5Tutorials(Jan.,June)Seoul(Apr)