光谱线展宽的物理机制摘要本文首先介绍了原子光谱的形成和原子谱线的轮廓，以及用来定量描述谱线轮廓的三个物理量——谱线强度、中心频率和谱线半高宽。接下来对光谱线展宽的各种物理机制作了定性或定量地分析。详细地推导了谱线的自然展宽、多普勒展宽（高斯展宽）和洛伦兹展宽的半高宽公式。并推导出了佛克脱半高宽、多普勒半高宽和洛伦兹半高宽之间的关系式。给出了赫鲁兹马克展宽（共振展宽）的半高宽公式。定性地分析了谱线的自吸展宽。以类氢离子为例说明了同位素效应引起的同位素展宽。定性地分析了原子的核自旋对谱线宽度的影响。说明了在有外电场或内部不均匀强电场存在的情况下谱线会产生斯塔克变宽，在有外磁场存在的情况下谱线会产生塞曼变宽。最后对光谱线展宽的各种物理机制做了一个简单的总结，指出光谱线展宽的实质是光的频率发生了变化，各种新频率光的叠加导致了光谱线的展宽。并说明了对光谱线展宽的物理机制的研究，在提高光的单色性和物理量测量等方面具有重要的意义。关键词：谱线展宽；物理机制；谱线轮廓；半高宽THEPHYSICALMECHANISMOFSPECTRALLINEBROADENINGABSTRACTFirstly,weintroducetheformationofatomicspectrumandtheoutlineofatomicspectrallineinthispaper,aswellasthreephysicalquantities—intensityofspectralline,centerfrequencyandhalfwidthofspectrallineprofilewhichareusedtodescribespectrallineprofilequantitatively.Nextweanalyzevariousphysicalmechanismofspectrallinebroadeningqualitativelyorquantitatively.Thenaturalhalfwidthofspectralline,halfwidthofDopplerspectrallineprofile(Gaussianspectrallineprofile)andhalfwidthofLorentzspectrallineprofilearederiveddetailedly.AndtherelationshipofhalfwidthofVoigtspectrallineprofile,halfwidthofDopplerspectrallineprofileandhalfwidthofLorentzspectrallineprofileisalsoderiveddetailedly.WeintroduceHoltsmarkbroadening(resonancebroadening)andgivehalfwidthofHoltsmarkspectrallineprofile.ItisintroducedqualitativelyhowtheSelf-absorptionbroadeningaffectsspectrallineprofile.TakingHydrogenicionsforanexample,weexplainisotopebroadeningcausedbyIsotopeeffect.Spectrallinebroadeningcausedbynuclearspinisanalyzedqualitatively.StarkeffectcancauseStarkbroadeningwhenthereisexternalelectricfieldorinternalnon-uniformstrongelectricfield,andZeemaneffectcancauseZeemanbroadeningwhenthereisexternalmagneticfield.Finally,wemakeasummaryonthephysilcalmechanismofspectrallinebroadening,pointingoutspectrallinebroadeningisessentiallyachangeinthefrequencyofspectrallines,andsuperpositionofvariousspectrallineshavinganewfrequencycomponentleadstospectrallinebroadening.Thestudyonthephysilcalmechanismofspectrallinebroadeninghasveryimportantsignificanceinmanyaspects,forexample,theimprovingofspectralline'smonochromaticity,themeasurementofphysicalquantitiesandsoon.KEYWORDS:spectrallinebroadening;physicalmechanism;spectralLineprofile;halfwidthI目录前言⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯1第一章原子谱线的轮廓⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2§1.1原子发光机理和光谱线的形成⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2§1.2原子谱线的轮廓⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯2第二章光谱线展宽的各种物理机制⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4§2.1自然宽度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯4§2.2多普勒展宽⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯5§2.3洛伦兹展宽⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯7§2.4赫鲁兹马克展宽⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9§2.5自吸展宽⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯9§2.6佛克脱谱线宽度⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯10§2.7谱线的超精细结构⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12§2.7.1同位素效应⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12§2....
