Unit1ChemicalIndustry化学工业1.OriginsoftheChemicalIiidustiyAlthoughtheuseofchemicalsdatesbacktotheancientcivilizations,theevolutionofwhatweknowasthemodemchemicalmdustiystartedmuchmorerecently.ItmaybeconsideredtohavebegundurmgtheIiidustiialRevolution,about1800.anddevelopedtoprovidechemicalsroeusebyotherindustries.Examplesarealkaliforsoapmaking,bleachingpowderforcotton,andsilicaandsodiumcarbonateforglassmakiiig・Itwillbenotedthattheseareallinorganicchemicals・Theorganicchemicalsindustiystartedinthe1860switlitheexploitationofWilliamHenryPerkin'sdiscoveryifthefiistsyntheticdyestuff—mauve.AtthestaitofthetwentiethcentuiytheemphasisonreseaichontheappliedaspectsofcheniistiyinGermanyhadpaidoffhandsomely,andby1914hadresultedintlieGeinianchemicalindustryhaving75%oftheworldmarketinchemicals・ThiswasbasedonthediscoveiyofnewdyestuffsplusthedevelopmentofboththecontactprocessforsulphuricacidandtheHaberprocessforaimnonia.Thelaterrequiredamajortechnologicalbreaktluoughthatofbemgabletocairyoutchemicalreactionsunderconditionsofveryhighpressureforthefiisttime・TheexperiencegainedwiththiswastostandGermanyingoodstead,paiticularlywiththerapidlyincreaseddemandfornitiogen-basedcompounds(anunoniumsaltsforfertilizersandnitricacidforexplosivesinanufactuie)withtheoutbreakofworldwarIm1914.Tlusinitiatedprofoundchangeswliichcontinuedduringtliemter-waryears(1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用町以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3.我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以WilliamHemyPeikni发现第一种合成染料一苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较人的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界人仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)odatebaketo/fiom:回溯到dated:过时的，陈旧的standsb.ingoodstead:对。。。很有帮助Since1940thechemicalindustryhasgrownataxemarkablerate,althoughthishasslowedsignificantlyinrecentyears.Thelion'sshareoftliisgrowthhasbeenintheorganicchemicalssectorduetothedevelopmentandgrowthofthepetrochemicalsareasince1950s・Theexplosivesgrowthmpetrochemicalsinthe1960sand1970swaslargelyduetotheenormousmcreasemdemandforsyntheticpolymerssuchaspolyethylene,polypropylene,nylon,polyestersandepoxyresins.1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来己大人减慢。化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发人部分在有机化学方面取得拓油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。Thechemicalindustrytodayisaverydiversesectorofmanufacturingindustry,withinwliichitplaysacentialrole.Itmakesthousandsofdifferentchemicalswhichthegeneralpubliconlyusuallyencounterasendorconsumerproducts.Theseproductsaiepurchasedbecausetheyhavetherequiredpropertieswhichmakethemsuitableforsomeparticulaiapplication,e.g.anon-stickcoatingforpansoraweedkiller.Thuschemicalsaieultimatelysoldfortheeffectsthattheypro...
