《环境工程导论》复习资料一、名词解释Environment:Thesurroundingsof,andinfluenceson,aparticularitemofinterest.Alltheelementsoverwhichadesignerhasnocontrolandthataffectasystemoritsinputsandoutputs.环境：围绕着某一事物(主体)并对该事物会产生某些影响的所有外界事物(客体)。environmentalissues：Environmentalissuesareharmfuleffectsofhumanactivitityonthebiophysicalenvironment.环境问题：由于人类活动作用于周围环境所引起的环境质量变化，以及这种变化对人类的生产、生活和健康造成的影响。Pollution：Theintroductionofcontaminantsintothenaturalenvironmentthatcauseadversechange.Pollutioncantaketheformofchemicalsubstancesorenergy,suchasnoise,heatorlight.环境污染：人类直接或间接地向环境排放超过其自净能力的物质或能量，从而使环境的质量降低，对人类的生存与发展、生态系统和财产造成不利影响的现象。waterquality：chemical,physicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsofwater.Itisameasureoftheconditionofwaterrelativetotherequirementsofoneormorebioticspeciesandortoanyhumanneedorpurpose.水与其中所含杂质共同表现出来的物理学、化学和生物学的综合特性。chemicaloxygendemand:Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)testiscommonlyusedtoindirectlymeasuretheamountoforganiccompoundsinwater.MostapplicationsofCODdeterminetheamountoforganicpollutantsfoundinsurfacewaterorwastewater.在一定条件下，采用一定的强氧化剂处理水样时，所消耗的氧化剂量。biochemicaloxygendemand,:BODistheamountofdissolvedoxygenneededbyaerobicbiologicalorganismsinabodyofwatertobreakdownorganicmaterialpresentinagivenwatersampleatcertaintemperatureoveraspecifictimeperiod.在一定期间内，微生物分解一定体积水中的某些可被氧化物质，特别是有机物质所消耗的溶解氧的数量。以mg/L或ppm表示。waterpollution：Pollutionistheintroductionofcontaminantsintothenaturalenvironmentthatcauseadversechange.contaminationofwaterbodies(e.g.lakes,rivers,oceans,aquifersandgroundwater).Waterpollutionoccurswhenpollutantsaredirectlyorindirectlydischargedintowaterbodieswithoutadequatetreatmenttoremoveharmfulcompounds.排入水体的污染物在数量上超过了该物质在水体中的本底含量和自净能力即水体的环境容量，从而导致水体的物理特征、化学特征发生不良变化，破坏了水中固有的生态系统，破坏了水体的功能及其在人类生活和生产中的作用biologicalwastewatertreatment:Thisisabriefsummaryofthevarioustechniquesthathavebeendevelopedtotreatwastewaterbybiologicalmeans.Theyaccomplishwhatisgenerallycalledsecondarytreatment.aerobicsewagetreatment:Aerobicbiologicaltreatmentisperformedinthepresenceofoxygenbyaerobicmicroorganisms(principallybacteria)thatmetabolizetheorganicmatterinthewastewater,therebyproducingmoremicroorganismsandinorganicend-products(principallyCO2,NH3,andH2O).好氧生物处理：在水中有游离氧(分子氧)存在的条件下，以好氧微生物为主的微生物使有机物降解的处理方法。airpollution:contaminationoftheindoororoutdoorenvironmentbyanychemical,physicalorbiologicalagentthatmodifiesthenaturalcharacteristicsof大气污染由于人类活动或自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中，呈现出足够的浓度，达到足够的时间，并因此危害了人体的舒适、健康和福利或环境污染的现象particulatematter（颗粒污染物）:anairpollutiontermforamixtureofsolidparticlesandliquiddropletsfoundintheair.solidwaste,:commonordinaryhouseholdandcommercialwaste,calledrefuseormunicipalsolidwaste.固体废弃物是指人类在生产、消费、生活和其他活动中产生的固态、半固态废弃物质（国外的定义则更加广泛，动物活动产生的废弃物也属于此类），通俗地说，就是“垃圾”。主要包括固体颗粒、垃圾、炉渣、污泥、废弃的制品、破损器皿、残次品...
