英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.\Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.2.Langue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.2.Allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.3.Minimalpair最小对立体:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三课1.Morphology形态学:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled⋯3.Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四课1.Syntax语法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.3.Deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.4.Surfacestructure表层结构:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五课1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.2.Homonymy同音异义:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.3.Hyponymy上下义关系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2.Utterance话语:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.3.Utterancemeaning话语意义:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.4.Illocutionaryact言外行为:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.二、简答题第一课1．Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.Phonology:Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.Morphology:AfieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguageSyntax:Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.Pragmatics:the...
