实用标准文案精彩文档Chapter1Introduction语言学的定义：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.问题：Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?→Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Whatthelinguisthastodo“first,then,but”:①toobserveandcollectlanguagefactsandgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem.②toformulatesomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.③tocheckthehypothesesthusformedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)问题:Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?→phonetics（语音学）→thestudyofsounds→phonology（音位学）→studyhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning→morphology（形态学）→studythewayinwhichsymbolsormorphemesarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.→syntax（句法学）→thestudyofrulesofformingsentences→semantics（语义学）→thestudyofmeaning→pragmatics（语用学）→thecontextoflanguageuseSociolinguistics（社会语言学）：Thestudiesofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.Psycholinguistics（语言心理学）：RelatethestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics（应用语言学）：Inanarrowsenseitreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:①prescriptive（规定性）/descriptive（描写性）②synchronic（共时）/diachronic（历时）③speech（口语）/writing（书面语）④langue（语言）/parole（言语）（theSwisslinguistF.deSaussure——实用标准文案精彩文档CourseinGeneralLinguistics）⑤competence（语言能力）/performance（语言应用）（theAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky）⑥traditionalgrammar（传统语法）/modernlinguistics（现代语言学）问题：inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?①linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.②modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.③modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.问题：Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronic(不考虑历史演进的,限于一时的)approachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronic(探求现象变化的,历时的)one.Becauseitisbelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Synchronicdescriptionsareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsoflanguageinitscurrentexistence,andmostlinguisticstudiesareofthistype.问题：Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoday’sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Spokenlanguagerevealsmoretruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.Andlinguists’dataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardedasauthentic.语言的定义：Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsus...
