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语言学知识点语言学知识点II语言学导论语言学导论IIII语言学主要分支学科语言学主要分支学科IIIIII语言学的流派和理论语言学的流派和理论II语言学导论语言学导论1.designfeatureoflanguage1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类世界语言分类))3.importantdistinctionsin3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(linguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概语言学研究中几对重要的概念念))4.scopeoflinguistics4.scopeoflinguistics((语言学的研究范围语言学的研究范围))1.1.designfeatureoflanguagedesignfeatureoflanguage（语言的（语言的定义特征定义特征))definingpropertiesofhumandefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanylanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationanimalsystemofcommunication1.designfeatureof1.designfeatureoflanguagelanguage语言定义特征语言定义特征1)Arbitrariness1)Arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）2)Duality(2)Duality(二层性二层性))3)Creativity/Productivity(3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性创造性))4)Displacement4)Displacement（移位性）（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递文化传递性性))11））Arbitrariness(Arbitrariness(任意性任意性):):定义：定义：theformsoflinguisticsignstheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.meaning.举例：举例：书书,book,livre,book,livre喜欢，喜欢，likelike，，aimeraimer22））DualityDuality（二层性）（二层性）::定义：定义：thepropertyofhavingtwothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitslevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.elementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：举例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discoursessentences>texts/discourses33））Creativity/ProductivityCreativity/Productivity（创造性）（创造性）::定义：定义：LanguagecanbeusedtocreateLanguagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsnewmeaningsbecauseofitsdualitybecauseofitsduality举例举例11：：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例举例22：：England,defeated,FranceEngland,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.EnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.FrancedefeatedEngland.44））DisplacementDisplacement（替代性）（替代性）::定义：定义：HumanlanguagesenabletheirHumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhichuserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofarenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.communication.55））CulturalTransmissionCulturalTransmission（文化传（文化传递性）递性）::定义：定义：languageispassedonfromlanguageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthanteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.instinct.反例：印度狼孩反例：印度狼孩3.Designfeature3.Designfeature定义特征定义特征1)Arbitrariness1)Arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）2)Duality(2)Duality(二层性二层性))3)Creativity/Productivity(3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性创造性))4)Displacement4)Displacement（移位性）（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递文化传递性性))如何记忆如何记忆::五性，创意遗传五性，创意遗传4.ImportantDistinctionsin4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsLinguistics((语言学研究中几对重要的概念语言学研究中几对重要的概念))1)descriptive&prescriptive1)desc...