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Lingu istics' notes 第一周 Chapter 1 Introduction . 1. Definition of language *Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.  Language is a system.  Language is arbitrary.  Language is vocal.  Language is human-specific. 2. Design features of language  Arbitrariness 任意性  Productivity 多产性  Duality 双重性  Displacement 移位性  Cultural transmission 文化传播性 3. Functions of language(Halliday)  The ideational 概念功能 to organize language user's experience of the word.  The interpersonal 人际功能 to establish/maintain social relationship.  The textual 语篇功能 to organize texts in a coherent and appropriate way. 第二周 1. Definition of linguistics *Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.----general linguistics. Scientific study of language. 2. The branches of linguistics  Phonetics 语音学--the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified @研究发音，自然属性，无序的语音  Phonology 音系学--the study of how sounds form systems and functions to convey meaning @研究音间联系，注重功能，有序的语音  Morphology 形态学、词法--the study of the form off words @涉及词语的内部组织，研究词语的最小单位-语素  Sy ntax 句法学--the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences @研究如何组词成句，形成、理解正确的句子  Semantics 语义学--the study of meaning(in abstraction) @研究词语的意义如何在语音中编码  Pragmatics 语用学--the study of meaning in context of use @特定情景中的特定话语的理解和运用  Historical linguistics 历史语言学--the study of language change.  Sociolinguistics 社会语言学--the study of language with reference to society  Psycholinguistics 心理语言学--the study of language with reference to the work...