UnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea ("HamburgRules")(Hamburg,31March1978)PREAMBLETHESTATESPARTIESTOTHISCONVENTION,HAVINGRECOGNIZEDthedesirabilityofdeterminingbyagreementcertainrulesrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbysea, HAVINGDECIDED toconcludeaconventionforthispurposeandhavetheretoagreedasfollows: PART I.GENERALPROVISIONS Article1.DefinitionsInthisConvention: 1."Carrier"meansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper. 2."Actualcarrier"meansanypersontowhomtheperformanceofthecarriageofthegoods,orofpartofthecarriage,hasbeenentrustedbythecarrier,andincludesanyotherpersontowhomsuchperformancehasbeenentrusted. 3."Shipper"meansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithacarrier,oranypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfthegoodsareactuallydeliveredtothecarrierinrelationtothecontractofcarriagebysea. 4."Consignee"meansthepersonentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoods. 5."Goods"includesliveanimals;wherethegoodsareconsolidatedinacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportorwheretheyarepacked,goodsincludessucharticleoftransportorpackagingifsuppliedbytheshipper. 6."Contractofcarriagebysea"meansanycontractwherebythecarrierundertakesagainstpaymentoffreighttocarrygoodsbyseafromoneporttoanother;however,acontractwhichinvolvescarriagebyseaandalsocarriagebysomeothermeansisdeemedtobeacontractofcarriagebyseaforthepurposesofthisConventiononlyinsofarasitrelatestothecarriagebysea. 7."Billoflading"meansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.Aprovisioninthedocumentthatthegoodsaretobedeliveredtotheorderofanamedperson,ortoorder,ortobearer,constitutessuchanundertaking. 8."Writing"includes, interalia ,telegramandtelex. Article2.Scopeofapplication1.TheprovisionsofthisConventionareapplicabletoallcontractsofcarriagebyseabetweentwodifferentStates,if: ...
