川乌、草乌、附子和白附子鉴别目录乌头..........................................................................................................................................1川乌..................................................................................................................................2附子..................................................................................................................................2北乌头......................................................................................................................................5草乌..................................................................................................................................6黄花乌头..................................................................................................................................6关白附..............................................................................................................................7短柄乌头..................................................................................................................................7雪上一枝蒿......................................................................................................................8独角莲......................................................................................................................................9禹白附..............................................................................................................................9表1川乌、草乌、附子、白附子来源科属植物药材毛茛科乌头属乌头栽培品母根:川乌子根:附子野生品草乌北乌头块根:草乌(主要来源)黄花乌头块根:关白附短柄乌头块根:雪上一枝蒿天南星科独角莲块茎:禹白附注:白附子之名首见于《名医别录》,据考证历代本草所载者为毛茛科植物黄花乌头的块根,称关白附。天南星科独角莲(禹白附)何时收载入药尚无考证。两种白附子均能祛风痰解痉,但禹白附毒性较小,又能解毒散结,故而为白附子的正品被广泛应用。乌头草本。块根倒圆锥形,长2-4厘米。茎高60-150厘米。叶片常3全裂,中央裂片宽菱形或菱形,急尖,近羽状分裂,小裂片三角形,侧生裂片斜扇形,不等地2深裂。总状花序狭长,密生反曲的微柔毛;小苞片狭条形;萼片5,蓝紫色,外面有微柔毛,上萼片高盔形,高2-2.6厘米,侧萼片长1.5-2厘米;花瓣2,无毛,有长爪,距长1-2.5毫米;雄蕊多数;心皮3-5,通常有微柔毛。蓇葖美长1.5-1.8厘米;种子有膜质翅。分布在长江中、下游各省,北达秦岭和山东东部,南达广西北部;越南北部也有。生于山地草坡或灌丛中。四川、陕西大量栽培。块根为镇痉、镇痛剂,主治关节痛、神经痛、风寒湿痹等症。图1乌头川乌药材:呈不规则圆锥形,稍弯曲,顶端常残茎,中部多向一侧膨大,长2-7.5cm,直径1.2-2.5cm。表面棕褐色或灰棕色,皱缩,有小瘤状侧根及子根脱离后的痕迹。质坚实,断面类白色或浅灰黄色,形成层环纹呈多角形,气微,味辛辣,麻舌。饮片:制川乌,为不规则圆形或长三角形的片。表面黑褐色或黄褐色,有灰棕色形成层环纹。体轻质脆,断面有光泽。气微,微有麻舌感。图2川乌药材及制川乌饮片附子盐附子呈圆锥形,长4-7cm,直径3-5cm。表面灰黑色,被盐霜。顶端有凹陷的芽痕,周围有瘤状突起的支根或支根痕。体重,横切面灰褐色,可见充满盐霜的小空隙及多角形形成层环纹,环纹内侧导管束小点排列不整齐。气微、味咸而麻,刺舌。图3盐附子药材及饮片黑顺片(黑附片)为纵切片,上宽下窄,长1.7-5cm,宽0.9-3cm,厚0.2-0.5cm。外皮黑褐色,切面暗黄色,油润具光泽,半透明状,并有纵向导管束。质硬而脆,断面角质样。气微,味淡。图4黑顺片白附片无外皮,黄白色,半透明,厚约0.3cm。图5白附片...