Questions11-22Humanity'sprimaleffortstosystematizetheconceptsofsize,shapes,andnumberareusuallyregardedastheearliestmathematics.However,theconceptofnumberandthecountingprocessdevelopedsolongbeforethetimeofrecordedhistory(thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatcountingwasemployedbyhumansasfarbackas50,000(5)yearsago)thatthemannerofthisdevelopmentislargelyconjectural.Imaginghowitprobablycameaboutisnotdifficult.Theargumentthathumans,eveninprehistorictimes,hadsomenumbersense,atleasttotheextentofrecognizingtheconceptsofmoreandlesswhensomeobjectswereaddedtoortakenawayfromasmallgroup,seemsfair,forstudieshaveshownthatsomeanimalpossesssuchasense.(10)Withthegradualevolutionofsociety,simplecountingbecameimperative.Atribehadtoknowhowmanymembersithadandhowmanyenemies,andshepherdneededtoknowiftheflockofsheepwasdecreasinginsize.Probablytheearliestwayofkeepingacountwasbysomesimpletallymethod,employingtheprincipleofone-to-onecorrespondence.Inkeepingacountofsheep,forexample,onefingerpersheepcould(15)beturnedunder.Countscouldalsobemaintainedbymakingscratchesinthedirtoronastone,bycuttingnotchesinapieceofwood,orbytyingknotsinastring.Then,perhapslater,anassortmentofvocalsoundswasdevelopedasawordtallyagainstthenumberofobjectsinasmallgroup.Andstilllater,withtherefinementofwriting,asetofsignswasdevisedtostandforthesenumbers.Suchanimagined(20)developmentissupportedbyreportsofanthropologistsintheirstudiesofpresent-daysocietiesthatarethoughttobesimilartothoseofearlyhumans.DDDCCABBACDC11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theeffortsofearlyhumanstocareforherdsofanimals(B)Thedevelopmentofwriting(C)Thebeginningsofmathematics(D)Similaritiesinnumbersensebetweenhumansandanimals12.Theword"conjectural"inline5isclosestinmeaningto(A)complex(B)basedonguessing(C)unbelievable(D)supportedbycarefulresearch13.Whydoestheauthormentionanimalsinline9?(A)Tosupportatheoryaboutthebehaviorofearlyhumans(B)Toidentifyactivitiesthataredistinctlyhuman(C)Toillustratethelimitsofahistoricalrecordofhumandevelopment(D)Toestablishthatearlyhumankeptdomesticatedanimals14.Theword"it"inline11refersto(A)evolution(B)counting(C)tribe(D)shepherd15.Whatisthebasicprincipleofthetallymethoddescribedinthesecondparagraph?(A)Thecountisrecordedpermanently.(B)Calculationsprovidethetotalcount.(C)Largequantitiesarerepresentedbysymbols.(D)Eachmarkerrepresentsasinglyobject.16.Theword"employing"inline13isclosestinmeaningto(A)using(B)paying(C)focusing(D)hiring17.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanearlymethodsofcounting?(A)Cuttingnotches(B)Bendingfingers(C)Pilingstones(D)Tyingknots18.Theword"maintained"inline15isclosestinmeaningto(A)justified(B)asserted(C)located(D)kept19.Theword"assortment"inline17isclosestinmeaningto(A)instrument(B)variety(C)surplus(D)symbol20.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchinotheracademicfieldsrelatestoresearchintheauthor'sfieldinwhichofthefollowingways?(A)Itcontributesrelevantinformation(B)Itiscarriedoutonasimplerlevel.(C)Itislessreliablethanresearchintheauthor'sfield.(D)Itcausesmisunderstandingsifappliedtotheauthor'sfield.21.Whichofthefollowingconclusionsissupportedbythepassage?(A)Countingprocessesdidnotdevelopuntilafterwritingbecamewidespread.(B)Earlycountingmethodsrequiredherdsofanimals.(C)Mathematicshasremainedunchangedsinceancienttimes.(D)Earlyhumansfirstcountedbecauseofnecessity.22.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthormentiontheabilityofanimalsto...
