EST1PartIListeningComprehensionSection1,Conversation(10minutes,10points)Section2,Passages(10minutes,10points)PartII:ClozeTest(10minutes,15points)ScientistswhostudytheEarth'sclimateareconvincedthatvolcanoeruptionshaveasignificanteffectongeneralweatherpatterns.Infact,oneofthemany(36)whichattempttoexplainhowaniceagebeginsholdsthatthe(37)isadramaticincreaseinvolcaniceruptions.Thevolcanicexplosions,besidescausinglocalthunderstormsandlightning,injectgreatamountsofgasand(38)_intothestratosphere(同温层).Atthis(39)，thevolcanicmaterialspreadsallthewayaroundtheEarth.Thisvolcanicmaterial(40)acertainamountofsunlightand(41)somebackintospace.Thenetresultisto(42)theplanet'ssurface.Forinstance,43wasperhapsthelargesteruptionoccurredin1883whentheIndonesiavolcanoKrakatoaexploded.Thefollowingyearwas(44)inEuropeasthe"yearwithoutsummer"becausethe(45)wassocoolandrainy.Whilethereis(46)scientificagreementthatvolcaniceruptioncanleadtocooling,(47)ofhowthishappensarenotclear.Asaresult,scientistscannot(48)whetherthevolcanicactivitywhich(49)pasticeageswouldresult(50)sufficientcoolingtocauseaglacialperiod.Similarly,itisnotpossibleforscientiststopredicttheclimateeffectofafuturevolcaniceruptionwithanyconfidence.36.A.theoriesB.inventionsC.judgmentsD.discoveries37.A.causeB.courseC.meansD.case38.A.petroleumB.ashC.flameD.garbage39.A.relationB.instanceC.momentD.altitude40.A.scattersB.releasesC.constitutesD.absorbs41.A.carriesB.convertsC.reflectsD.gathers42.A.coolB.warmC.freezeD.heat43.A.suchB.whatC.thereD.that44.A.knownB.reportedC.markedD.testified45.A.airB.temperatureC.skyD.weather46.A.committedB.optimisticC.generalD.absolute47.A.indexesB.predictionsC.detailsD.decisions48.A.analyzeB.determineC.assureD.assume49.A.confrontedB.promotedC.proceedD.preceded50.A.inB.fromC.toD.withPartIReadingPassageOneWeuseemotivelanguagetoexpressourownattitudesandfeelings.Wealsodirectemotivelanguageatotherpeopletopersuadethemtobelieveaswedoortodoaswewantthemtodo;and,ofcourse,otherpeopledirectemotivelanguageatustogetustobelieveortodowhattheywant.Wearesubjectedtoaconstantstreamofpersuasiondayin,dayout,athomeandinschool,ontheradioandontelevision.Itcomesfromparentsandteachers,frompreachersandpoliticians,fromeditorsandcommentators,but,mostofall,ofcourse,fromadvertisers.Mostofthispersuasionisexpressedinemotivelanguageandisintendedtoappealtoourfeelingsratherthantobeweighedupbyourpowersofreasoning.Weshouldlookatthemotivesbehindallthispersuasion.Whydotheywanttopersuadeus?Whatdotheywantustodo?Wearenotthinkingveryclearlyunlesswetrytoseethroughtheveilofwordsandrealizesomethingofthespeaker'spurpose.Anappealtoemotionisinitselfneithergoodorbad.Ouremotionsexistandtheyarepartofourpersonality.Onsomeoccasionspeopleappealtoouremotionsonthehighestlevelsandfromthebestofmotives.AcaseinpointisChurchill'swartimespeeches:whateverpeoplethoughtofChurchillasapolitician,theywereunitedbehindhimwhenhespokeasnationalleaderinthosedarkdays---theirfeelingsrespondedtohiscallforresolutionandunity.Itisacharacteristicofsocialgroupsthatthemembershaveafeelingofpersonalattachmenttothegroup---tothefamilyinearliestchildhoodandextendinglatertotheschool,theteam,thechurch,thenation,inpatternsthatvaryfromtimetotime.Henceaspeakerfromourgroupwillfindinusfeelingstowhichhecanreadilyandgenuinelyappeal,whetherourreactionisfavorableornot.Weareatleastopentotheappealandweappreciatethec...
