Passage1NoonepriortoWorldWarIImoretrenchantlyanalyzedthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealiststhandidE.H.Carrinhiscelebratedwork,which,althoughpublishedin1939,didnothaveitsimpactinAmericauntilafterWorldWarII.Carrusedthetermutopiansforidealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.HeprobablydidnotintendthemorepejorativeconnotationthatattachedtothetermutopiansafterWorldWarIIasnaïveopponentsofpowerpoliticsexpoundedbyrealists.Indeed,sincetheendoftheColdWar,theidealistconceptoftheharmonyofnationalinterestsinpeacehasreceivednewattentioninamorerecentneoliberal-neorealistdebate.ThefailuresoftheLeagueofNationsinthe1930scastdoubtontheharmonyofinterestinpeace,whichappearedtoaccordwiththeinterestsofsatisfied,status-quopowerswithdemocraticgovernments,butnotwiththeperceivedneedsofrevisionists,totalitarians,authoritarianstatesseekingboundarychanges,enhancedstatus,greaterpower,and,especiallyinthecaseofNaziGermany,revengeforthehumiliationofthepost-WorldWarIsettlementimposedbytheVersaillestreaty.Contrarytotheutopianassumption,nationalself-determinationdidnotalwaysproducerepresentativegovernments.Instead,theoverthrowoftheoldmonarchicalordergaveriseinmanyplaces,includingRussia,toamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.TheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939betweentheSovietUnionandNaziGermanysetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPoland,theoutbreakofWorldWarII,thepartitionofPoland,andtheabsorptionofBalticstatesintotheSovietUnion,allinflagrantcontraventionofthestandardsofinternationalconductsetforthinutopiantheory.1.Whotookastronganalysisofthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenutopiansandrealists?A.AdolphHitlerdidB.E.H.CarrdidC.NeorealistdidD.Molotovdid2.WhatdidutopianmeaninCarr’sopinion?A.Idealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.B.Naïveopponentsofpowerpolitics.C.Status-quopowersD.Revisionists.3.Whatistheconsequenceofnationalself-determination?A.Producingrepresentativegovernments.B.Givingrisetoamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.C.BothAandBD.SometimesA,sometimesB.4.WhatwastheinfluenceoftheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939?A.tosetthestageforAdolphHitler’sinvasionofPolandB.leadingtotheoutbreakofWorldWarIIC.acauseofthepartitionofPolandD.allofA,BandC5.Whichonecanserveasthetitleofthispassage?A.Post-WorldWarIIRealismB.Post-WorldWarIIUtopiansC.E.H.CarrandtheCrisisofWorldPoliticsD.TheInfluenceofVersaillesTreatypassage2Beyondmarkingtheseasons,thechiefintereststhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomerinhisobservationswereastrological.AfterquotingDiodorustotheeffectthattheBabylonianpriestsobservedthepositionofcertainstarsinordertocasthoroscopes,ThompsontellsusthatfromaveryearlydaytheverynameChaldeanbecamesynonymouswithmagician.Headdsthat"fromMesopotamia,bywayofGreeceandRome,acertainamountofBabylonianastrologymadeitswayamongthenationsofthewest,anditisquiteprobablethatmanysuperstitionswhichwecommonlyrecordasthepeculiarproductofwesterncivilizationtooktheiroriginfromthoseoftheearlydwellersonthealluviallandsofMesopotamia.OneAssurbanipal,kingofAssyriaB.C.668-626,addedtotheroyallibraryatNinevehhiscontributionoftablets,whichincludedmanyseriesofdocumentswhichrelatedexclusivelytotheastrologyoftheancientBabylonians,whointurnhadborrowed...
