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12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavImportanceofStemCellResearchImportanceofStemCellResearch1998-Researchersfirstextractstemcellsfromhumanembryos1999-FirstSuccessfulhumantransplantofinsulin-makingcellsfromcadavers2001-PresidentBushrestrictsfederalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch2002-JuvenileDiabetesResearchFoundationInternationalcreates$20millionfund-raisingefforttosupportstem-cellresearch2002-Californiaokstemcellresearch2004-Harvardresearchersgrowstemcellsfromembryosusingprivatefunding2004-Ballotmeasurefor$3BillionbondforstemcellsStemCellHistoryStemCellHistory+Acellthathastheabilitytocontinuouslydivideanddifferentiate(develop)intovariousotherkind(s)ofcells/tissues‘Blankcells’(unspecialized)Capableofdividingandrenewingthemselvesforlongperiodsoftime(proliferationandrenewal)Havethepotentialtogiverisetospecializedcelltypes(differentiation)StemcellStemcelltypetypeDescriptionDescriptionExamplesExamplesTotipotentTotipotentEachcellcandevelopEachcellcandevelopintoanewindividualintoanewindividualCellsfromearly(1-Cellsfromearly(1-3days)embryos3days)embryosPluripotentPluripotentCellscanformany(overCellscanformany(over200)celltypes200)celltypesSomecellsofSomecellsofblastocyst(5to14blastocyst(5to14days)days)MultipotentMultipotentCellsdifferentiated,butCellsdifferentiated,butcanformanumberofcanformanumberofothertissuesothertissuesFetaltissue,cordFetaltissue,cordblood,andadultblood,andadultstemcellsstemcellsDr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavPrincetonUniversityKindsofStemCellsKindsofStemCellsEmbryonicstemcellscomefromafivetosix-day-oldembryo.Theyhavetheabilitytoformvirtuallyanytypeofcellfoundinthehumanbody.Embryonicgermcellsarederivedfromthepartofahumanembryoorfoetusthatwillultimatelyproduceeggsorsperm(gametes).Adultstemcellsareundifferentiatedcellsfoundamongspecialisedordifferentiatedcellsinatissueororganafterbirth.Basedoncurrentresearchtheyappeartohaveamorerestrictedabilitytoproducedifferentcelltypesandtoself-renew.PrincetonUniversityTheAssociationofReproductiveHealthProfessionals12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavDay1FertilizedeggDay1FertilizedeggDay22-cellembryoDay22-cellembryoDay3-4Multi-cellembryoDay3-4Multi-cellembryoDay5-6BlastocystDay5-6BlastocystDay11-14TissueDifferentiationDay11-14TissueDifferentiationIsolateinnercellmass(destroysembryo)Isolateinnercellmass(destroysembryo)HeartmuscleKidney“Specialsauce”(largelyunknown)Day5-6BlastocystDay5-6BlastocystInnercells(formsfetus)Innercells(formsfetus)Outercells(formsplacenta)Outercells(formsplacenta)HeartrepairedCulturecellsCulturecellsDr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavEmbryonicstemcellsEmbryonicstemcells12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavAdultstemcellsAdultstemcellsDr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavDisease•Diabetes,Spinalcordinjury,Parkinson’sdisease,heartdiseaseGeneticbasedDisease•Cysticfibrosis,Huntington’s12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav+Itisuncertainthathumanembryonicstemcellsinvitrocangiverisetoallthedifferentcelltypesoftheadultbody.+Itisunknownifstemcellsculturedinvitro(apartfromtheembryo)willfunctionasthecellsdowhentheyarepartofthedevelopingembryo12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav+Stemcellsneedtobedifferentiatedtotheappropriatecelltype(s)beforetheycanbeusedclinically.+Recently,abnormalitiesinchromosomenumberandstructurewerefoundinthreehumanESClines.+Stemcelldevelopmentorproliferationmustbecontrolledonceplacedintopatients.+Possibilityofrejectionofstemcelltransplantsasforeigntissuesisveryhigh.+Contaminationbyviruses,bacteria,fungi,andMycoplasmapossible.+Theuseofmouse“feeder”cellstogrowESCcouldresultinproblemsduetoxenotransplantation(complicatingFDArequirementsforclinicaluse).12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadavImmunerejectionImmunerejectionSomaticcellnucleartransferSomaticcellnucleartransfer12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav12/14/2412/14/24Dr.HariomYadavDr.HariomYadav(Time2.19.01)ThanksThanks