Unit8 Decision MakingVIP专享VIP免费

Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–1Unit8Decision-making决策CBAofZJUT11Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–2Theme•Decisionmaking•决策就是选择•工作的基础Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–3LEARNINGOUTLINEFollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythisUnit.TheDecision-MakingProcess•Definedecisionanddecision-makingprocess.•IntroducethetypesofDecisions.•Describetheeightstepsinthedecision-makingprocess.•Explainthechallengesmanagersfaceinidentifyingproblems.Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–4大量基于个人信息的个人决策决策速度缓慢，决策失误增多调整决策机制引起的问题—加快决策速度的对策：权利下放失控制度化协调工作量大增—避免决策失误的对策：集体决策迟迟不能决策，无人负责问题根源：决策目标不清，职责不明，方法不当实际工作中的决策问题44Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–5决策的定义决策定义可以作出如下的理解（周三多2000：58）：决策的主体是管理者（个体，集体或小组）。决策的本质是一个过程，这一个过程由多个步骤组成（决策的过程）。决策的目的是：解决问题或利用机会。决策DecisionMaking与解决问题ProblemSolving是有区别的(许庆瑞2000：210)。Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–6DecisionMakingandProblemSolving•DecisionmakingTheprocessofchoosingfromamongvariousalternatives.•ProblemsolvingTheprocessofdeterminingtheappropriateresponsesoractionsnecessarytoalleviateaproblem.Problemsolvingnecessarilyinvolvesdecisionmaking,butnotalldecisionsinvolveproblems.McGraw-Hill/Irwin©2005TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–7DecisionsintheManagementFunctionsCopyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–8示例:如何选择你的人生伴侣准则1相貌2性格3年龄4职业5学历衡量标准姣好3端正2一般1。。相当3小３2大21。。本科3大专2研究生1综合评价权重54321方案A3112329方案B2321232方案C2233134比较ABCBACCACBACCCopyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–9TypesofDecisionsCopyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–10ProgrammedandNon-programmedDecisions•ProgrammeddecisionsDecisionsthatarereachedbyfollowinganestablishedorsystematicprocedure.Eg.Routine,repetitivedecisions(monthlyproductordering)•Non-programmeddecisionsDecisionsthathavelittleornoprecedent.Relativelyunstructured.Generallyrequireacreativeapproachbythedecisionmaker.Eg.Newproductdevelopment,setgoalMcGraw-Hill/Irwin©2005TheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–11程序化决策和非程序化决策结构化问题：简单、熟悉、确定程序化决策程序、规则、政策例子：退货处理非结构化问题：新的、不寻常、难以确定非程序化决策例子：项目投资Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–12不可能定理：人们对三个或三个以上的选择作出一项民主性的集体决策，那么要想得到一个大家满意的结论几乎是不可能。群体决策一定优于个体决策？Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–13S7ParticipationinDecisionMaking•A.Groupdecisionmakinghasmanyadvantages—usuallybetterdecisions,innovativeandcreativesolutions,avoidsmoremistakes.•B.Groupdecisionmakingalsohassomedisadvantages—takeslonger,maybemorerisky,maybemoreextreme.Copyright©2005PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.6–14S7GroupDecisionMakingPositiveaspects:•Thesumtotalofthegroup’sknowledgeisgreater.•Thegrouppossessesamuchwide...