EnglishinArchitectureandConstructionWangYong-guangInstituteofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringYangZhouUniversity2004.08.08UNITONETextHistoryofWaterSupply[1]Man’ssearchforpurewaterbeganinprehistorictimes.人类在史前时期就开始寻求洁净的水。Muchofhisearliestactivityissubjecttospeculation.人类最早的许多活动是不难推测的。Someindividualsmighthaveledwaterwheretheywanteditthroughtrenchesdugintheearth.一些人可能在地上挖沟,把水引到所需要的地方。Later,ahollowlogwasperhapsusedasthefirstwaterpipe.后来,空心圆木可能作为最初的水管得到使用。·subjectto服从……指挥,视……而定,以……为条件,常遭……·speculation[spekju´lei∫ən]n.推测,思索,投机(买卖)onspeculation冒险地,投机地·trench[trent∫]n.深沟,地沟,[军]堑沟,壕沟vt.切开,挖(战壕于……),用壕沟防御vi.挖战壕,侵犯,侵占(他人土地、权利、时间等),接近,近乎inthetrenches在第一线,在现场trenchon(或upon)侵犯,侵占,近乎,接近[2]Thousandsofyearsmusthavepassedbeforeourmorerecentancestorslearnedtobuildcitiesandenjoytheconvenienceofwaterpipedtothehomeanddrainsforwater-carriedwastes.一定是在数千年后,我们更近代的祖先才学会建设城市,享受到管道供水进家和下水道泄水排污的便利。Ourearliestarcheologicalrecordsofcentralwatersupplyandwastewaterdisposaldatebackabout5000years,toNippurofSumeria.有关集中给水排水设施的最早考古记录可上溯至约五千年前的苏米里亚德尼波城。IntheruinsofNippurthereisanarcheddrainwiththestonessetinfull“voussoir”position,eachstonebeingawedgetaperingdownwardintoplace.在尼波城的废墟中有一拱顶下水道,其楔形石块尖头向下,被砌成完美的拱形。Waterwasdrawnfromwellsandcisterns.水由井和蓄水池汲入。Anextensivesystemofdrainageconveyedthewastesfromthepalacesandresidentialdistrictsofthecity.完善的排水系统排除来自该城王宫和居民区的废水。·archeological[˛a:ki´lədikəl]a.考古学的(=archaeological)·watersupplyandwastewaterdisposal给水排水设施watersupplyandsewerageengineering给水排水工程·NippurofSumeria古巴比伦南部地区的一个古城·arch[a:t∫]n.拱形结构,拱(门),弓形,半圆形,弓状物,牌楼vt.用拱连接,盖以拱顶,使弯成弓形,使弯曲vi.成为弓形,拱起,以拱跨越(或横越)1arch[a:t∫]a.主要的,总的,伶俐的,狡猾的,调皮的anarchlook一幅调皮相arch-[前缀]表示“主要的”,“总的”,“最重要的”(archbishopn.大主教)-arch[构成名词的后缀]表示“统治者”(matriarchn.女家长)·voussoir[vu:swa:]n.[建](拱)楔块,(楔形)拱石·wedge[wed]n.楔(状物),起因,引起渐变、分裂等的行动或过程,坡跟鞋vt.楔入,分裂,挤进,挤满vi.楔入,挤进driveawedgeinto(或between)在……打进一个楔子,分裂……,造成……的不和·taper[´teipə]n.蜡烛,微光,(形体、力量等的)逐渐减弱,锥形(物),锥体a.一头逐渐变细的,长而尖细的v.使逐渐变小(细)taperdown削减,减少taperoff(使)一头逐渐变细,(使)逐渐减少,逐渐停止·cistern[´sistən]n.蓄水池,贮水器[3]TheearliestrecordedknowledgeofwatertreatmentisintheSanskritmedicalloreandEgyptianWallinscriptions.最早关于水处理知识的记载现保留在梵文医学典籍和埃及壁刻中。Sanskritwritingsdatingabout2000B.C.tellhowtopurityfoulwaterbyboilingincoppervessels,exposingtosunlight,fileringthroughcharcoal,andcoolinginanearthenvessel.约公元前2000年的梵文著作叙述了如何通过在铜器皿中煮沸,日光照晒,木炭过滤和在陶土器皿中冷却等方法来净化污浊的水。·Sanskrit[´sænskrit]n.梵文,(包括梵文在内的)古印度文a.梵文的·lore[l:]n.(古)教训,教诲,(专门的)知识,(特殊的)学问lore[l:]n.[动]眼端(指鸟的眼与啄之间,蛇或鱼的眼与鼻之间的部位)·inscription[in´skrip∫ən...