商务英语中一词多义现象与翻译VIP免费

商务英语一词多义现象英语词汇的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多彩，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。（刘庆.文体与翻译.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985）当英语中的词语孤立的时候，其具体意义难以确定。即，英语词语的词义具有游移性（vacillant）和灵活性（flexible）Firth：Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性现代汉语里一词多义的现象远没有英语普遍。IntroductiontoCognitivelinguisticsEmergein1970sandbecomeincreasinglyactivesince1980sCognitiveLinguisticsisanapproachtolanguagethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit."其研究范围包括范畴化和原型理论,隐喻概念和认知语法等。(categorization,metaphor,Grammaticalization)Lakoff’sconceptualtheoryofmetaphor概念隐喻理论Lakoff认为,可以把隐喻理解为从源域到目的域的映射。映射是指将某个认知域的部分结构投射到另一个认知域中去。具体地说,人们使用源域的结构及相关的知识或经验,去谈论或思考目的域的概念。•Theconventionalmetaphoricalexpressionsarenotapurelylinguisticphenomenon,butthemanifestationofaconceptualmappingbetweentwosemanticdomains;•Themetaphoricalmappingisasymmetrical（不对称的）:theexpressionisaboutasituationinonedomain(thetargetdomain),usingaconceptsmappedoverfromanotherdomain(thesourcedomain)•Themetaphoricalmappingcanbeusedformetaphoricalreasoningaboutconceptsinthetargetdomaincognitivehypothesislanguageisnotanautonomouscognitivefacultygrammarisconceptualization(grammaticalinflectionsandgrammaticalconstructionsplayamajorroleinconstruingtheexperience)knowledgeoflanguageemergesfromlanguageuseMetaphorWeuseourbasicbodilyunderstandingofplaces,movement,forces,paths,objectsandcontainersassourcesofinformationaboutlife,love,mathematics,andallotherabstractconceptsConventionalizedmetaphors–TIMEISSPACEI’llseeyouat2o’clock.–STATESARECONTAINERSHeisindanger.A(conventional)metaphoristhereforeaconceptualmappingbetweentwodomains:TARGETDOMAINISSOURCEDOMAIN.Thetargetdomainisratherabstract(likeTIMEandSTATES),whereasthesourcedomain(likeSPACEandCONTAINERS)ismoreconcrete.Someexamples:MetaphorSubjectivejudgmentSensorimo-tordomainExamplePrimaryexperienceAffectioniswarmthAffectionTemperatureTheygreetedmewarmlyFeelingwarmwhenbeingheldaffectionatelyImportanceisbigImportanceSizeTomorrowisabigdayAsachild,findingbigthingsareimportantandexertmajorforcesonyouandyourvisualexperienceIntimacyisclosenessIntimacyBeingphysicallycloseWehavebeencloseforyearsBeingphysicallyclosetopeopleyouareintimatewithMetaphorSubjectivejudgmentSensorimo-tordomainExamplePrimaryexperienceMoreisupQuantityVerticalorientationPricesarehighObservingriseandfalloflevelsoffilesandfluidsasmoreisaddedorsubtractedDifficultiesareburdenDifficultyMuscularexertionShe’sweigheddownbyresponsibili-tiesThediscomfortordisablingeffectofliftingorcarryingheavyobjectsKnowingisseeingKnowledgeVisionIseewhatyoumeanGettinginformationthroughvisionMetaphoroftheMindThemindisacontainerIjustdon’tknowwhatgoesoninsidethatheadofyoursIrrationalityisbeingoutsidethemindAreyououtofyourmind?AnattributeisapossessionHeregainedconsciousnessNormalconsciousnessisnormalpossessionoftheselfbythesubjectThepaststillholdshimbackGrammaticalizationContentwords>grammaticalwords>clitic>inflectionalaffix–Abasketfullofeggs>acupful(ofwater)>hopeful实词虚化Theroleofmetaph...