土壤学实验教程(生态学专业适用福建师范大学自编教材2013年9月实验规章制度?实验前要事先预习,明确实验研究意义、原理及操作过程,特别是所用仪器的操作规程及注意事项。?实验过程中的每一环节必须认真操作,客观分析实验结果,不准随意改动原始数据。?实验室内严禁吸烟,保持室内安静,不得大声喧哗。?节约用水,安全用电,不浪费药品,易燃易爆的物品要远离火源操作和放置。?精心维护所有仪器,凡损坏仪器者应如实地向教师报告,登记并做适当赔偿。?实验过程中废液、废物应倒入指定地方,不准随意乱倒。?实验室内的一切物品,未经本室负责教师批准,严禁带出室外,借物必须办理登记手续。?实验完毕,将各种化学试剂放回原处,清洗仪器用具,清洁实验台面和地面,保持实验室整洁,方可离开。目录实验一土壤样品采集与处理方法······························································(3实验二土壤水分的测定··········································································(6实验三土壤容重的测定··········································································(8实验四土壤有机碳的测定·····································································(10实验五土壤酸度的测定··········································································(13实验六土壤速效氮的测定·······································································(18实验七土壤速效磷的测定·······································································(21实验八土壤速效钾的测定·······································································(28附录····································································································(34实验一土壤样品采集与处理方法【实验目的】通过实验,要求学生掌握野外取样方法、样品处理和保存方法。【实验意义】土壤样品采集与处理是土壤分析工作中的一个重要环节,是关系分析结果及结论是否正确、可靠的先决条件。为使分析的少量样品能反映一定范围内土壤的真实情况,必须正确采集与处理土样。一般土样分析误差来自采样、分样和分析三个方面,而采样误差往往大于分析误差,如果采样缺乏代表性,即使室内分析人员测定技术如何熟练和任何高度精密的分析仪器,测定数据相当准确,也难于如实反映客观实际情况。故土样采集和制备是一项十分细致而重要的工作。【实验器材】土壤取样器;土壤套筛;木棒;标签;镊子;螺丝刀;塑料瓶;铅笔。【实验步骤】1土样采集在师大新区校园附近选择林地、菜地、甘薯地和甘蔗地作为研究对象,采集表层(0-20cm土壤带回实验室处理。1.1采样原则土壤样品的采集是决定土壤分析结果是否可靠的重要环节。由于土壤的不均一性,采样时必须重视土样的代表性,遵循一定的原则和方法。第一,采样时必须避免一切主观因素的干扰,随机采样;第二,为便于样品间相互比较,应采集等量个体。另外,采样时还要考虑自然因素和人为因素的影响,以减少采样误差。1.2混合样品的采集采样方法因测定目的而异。除剖面土样或盐碱土采样要分层采集外,还有为了解土壤肥力状况需要采集混合土样。混合土样多用于耕层土壤的化学分析,一般根据不同的土壤类型和土壤肥力状况,按地...
