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英文原文：ComputernetworkAcomputernetwork,oftensimplyreferredtoasanetwork,isacollectionofcomputersanddevicesinterconnectedbycommunicationschannelsthatfacilitatecommunicationsamongusersandallowsuserstoshareresources.Networksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtoawidevarietyofcharacteristics.Acomputernetworkallowssharingofresourcesandinformationamonginterconnecteddevices.History：EarlynetworksofcommunicatingcomputersincludedthemilitaryradarsystemSemi-AutomaticGroundEnvironment(SAGE)anditsrelativethecommercialairlinereservationsystemSemi-AutomaticBusinessResearchEnvironment(SABRE),startedinthelate1950s.[1][2]WhenRussialaunchedHisSPUTNIKSatelliteinSpaceIn1957.TheAmericanStartedAgencyNamesADVANCERESEARCHPROJECTAGENCY(ARPA)&launchedTHis1stSatelliteWithin18MonthAfterEstablishment.ThenSharingOfTheInformationInAnotherComputerTheyUseARPANET.AndThisAllResponsibilityOnAmerica'sDr.LIEDLIEDER.Thenin1969,ARPANETComesinINDIAAndINDIANSwitchedThisNameToNETWORK.Inthe1960s,theAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(ARPA)startedfundingthedesignoftheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetwork(ARPANET)fortheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense.Developmentofthenetworkbeganin1969,basedondesignsdevelopedduringthe1960s.[3]TheARPANETevolvedintothemodernInternet.Purpose：Computernetworkscanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes:Facilitatingcommunications.Usinganetwork,peoplecancommunicateefficientlyandeasilyviaemail,instantmessaging,chatrooms,telephone,videotelephonecalls,andvideoconferencing.Sharinghardware.：Inanetworkedenvironment,eachcomputeronanetworkmayaccessandusehardwareresourcesonthenetwork,suchasprintingadocumentonasharednetworkprinter.Sharingfiles,data,andinformation.Inanetworkenvironment,authorizedusermayaccessdataandinformationstoredonothercomputersonthenetwork.Thecapabilityofprovidingaccesstodataandinformationonsharedstoragedevicesisanimportantfeatureofmanynetworks.Sharingsoftware.：Usersconnectedtoanetworkmayrunapplicationprogramsonremotecomputers.informationpreservationSecurityNetworkclassificationThefollowinglistpresentscategoriesusedforclassifyingnetworks.Connectionmethod：Computernetworkscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothehardwareandsoftwaretechnologythatisusedtointerconnecttheindividualdevicesinthenetwork,suchasopticalfiber,Ethernet,wirelessLAN,HomePNA,powerlinecommunicationorG.hn.EthernetasitisdefinedbyIEEE802utilizesvariousstandardsandmediumsthatenablecommunicationbetweendevices.Frequentlydeployeddevicesincludehubs,switches,bridges,orrouters.WirelessLANtechnologyisdesignedtoconnectdeviceswithoutwiring.Thesedevicesuseradiowavesorinfraredsignalsasatransmissionmedium.ITU-TG.hntechnologyusesexistinghomewiring(coaxialcable,phonelinesandpowerlines)tocreateahigh-speed(upto1Gigabit/s)localareanetwork.Wiredtechnologies：Twistedpairwireisthemostwidelyusedmediumfortelecommunication.Twisted-paircablingconsistofcopperwiresthataretwistedintopairs.Ordinarytelephonewiresconsistoftwoinsulatedcopperwirestwistedintopairs.Computernetworkingcablingconsistof4pairsofcoppercablingthatcanbeutilizedforbothvoiceanddatatransmission.Theuseoftwowirestwistedtogetherhelpstoreducecrosstalkandelectromagneticinduction.Thetransmissionspeedrangesfrom2millionbitspersecondto100millionbitspersecond.TwistedpaircablingcomesintwoformswhichareUnshieldedTwistedPair(UTP)andShieldedtwisted-pair(STP)whichareratedincategorieswhicharemanufacturedindifferentincrementsforvari...