1.选修六Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING西方绘画艺术简史Artisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.艺术是受着人民生活习俗和信仰的影响的。StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.西方的艺术风格经历了多次变革。AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.因此,本文只谈及从公元6世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格。TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)中世纪(公元5世纪到15世纪)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.一个传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和人物。Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.那个时期的典型的绘画充满了宗教的(象)特征,体现出了对上帝的爱戴与敬重。Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.但是,很显然到了13世纪时,观念发生变化,像乔托这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)文艺复兴时期(15世纪到16世纪)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.人们开始较少关注宗教主题而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.同时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.富人们想拥有自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.,他们出价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画像,画自己的房屋和其他财物,以及他们的活动和成就。Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.这一手法是1428年由马赛其奥第一次使用的。Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对此深信不疑。Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.如没有发现透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘画的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法,我们就不能看到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)印象派时期(19世纪后期到20世纪初期)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdealfromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.19世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.许多人从农村迁入到新城市。Thereweremanynewinventionsands...
