Unit2,Module2OlympicGamesStadiuminOlympia,Greece.TheStadiumBaronPierredeCoubertinTheI.O.C.headquartersatLausanne.BaronPierredeCoubertinfoundedtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)in1894.TheIOCisthegoverningbodyoftheOlympicMovement,withtheOlympicCharterdefiningitsstructureandauthority.PresidentsoftheIOCAncientandmoderngames•TheircreationwasinspiredbytheancientOlympicGames,whichwereheldinOlympia,Greece,fromthe8thcenturyBCtothe4thcenturyAD.•BaronPierredeCoubertinfoundedtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)in1894.TheIOCisthegoverningbodyoftheOlympicMovement,withtheOlympicCharterdefiningitsstructureandauthority.StampofGreece1896OlympicGamesOlympicTorchOlympicringsOlympicsymbols•TheOlympicMovementusessymbolstorepresenttheidealsembodiedintheOlympicCharter.TheOlympicsymbol,betterknownastheOlympicrings,consistsoffiveintertwinedringsandrepresentstheunityofthefiveinhabitedcontinents(Africa,America,Asia,Oceania,Europe).•Thecoloredversionoftherings—blue,yellow,black,green,andred—overawhitefieldformstheOlympicflag.•Thesecolorswerechosenbecauseeverynationhadatleastoneofthemonitsnationalflag.•Theflagwasadoptedin1914butflownforthefirsttimeonlyatthe1920SummerOlympicsinAntwerp,Belgium.IthassincebeenhoistedduringeachcelebrationoftheGames.TheopeningceremonyinthePanathinaikoStadium.1896Ascenefromtheopeningceremonyofthe2012SummerOlympicsinLondon.Athletesgatherinthestadiumduringtheclosingceremonyofthe2008SummerOlympicsinBeijing.AmedalceremonyMedalpresentationAtthe1921OlympicCongressinLausanne,itwasdecidedtoholdawinterversionoftheOlympicGames.Awintersportsweek(itwasactually11days)washeldin1924inChamonix,France,inconnectionwiththeParisGamesheldthreemonthslater;thiseventbecamethefirstWinterOlympicGames.Anicehockeygameduringthe1928WinterOlympicsatSt.Moritz."ParallelOlympics"•In1948,SirLudwigGuttmann,determinedtopromotetherehabitationofsoldiersafterWorldWarII,organizedamulti-sporteventbetweenseveralhospitalstocoincidewiththe1948LondonOlympics.Guttmann'sevent,knownthenastheStokeMandevilleGames,becameanannualsportsfestival.Overthenexttwelveyears,Guttmannandotherscontinuedtheireffortstousesportsasanavenuetohealing.Forthe1960OlympicGames,inRome,Guttmannbrought400athletestocompeteinthe"ParallelOlympics",whichbecameknownasthefirstParalympics.Sincethen,theParalympicshavebeenheldineveryOlympicyear.Sincethe1988SummerOlympicsinSeoul,SouthKorea,thehostcityfortheOlympicshasalsoplayedhosttotheParalympics.[45]In2001theInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)andtheInternationalParalympicCommittee(IPC)signedanagreementguaranteeingthathostcitieswouldbecontractedtomanageboththeOlympicandParalympicGames.[46][47]1964SummerParalympicsinTokyo.TheYouthGames•In2010,theOlympicGameswerecomplementedbytheYouthGames,whichgiveathletesbetweentheagesof14and18thechancetocompete.TheYouthOlympicGameswereconceivedbyIOCpresidentJacquesRoggein2001andapprovedduringthe119thCongressoftheIOC.[49][50]ThefirstSummerYouthGameswereheldinSingaporefrom14–26August2010,whiletheinauguralWinterGameswerehostedinInnsbruck,Austria,twoyearslater.[51]mottoSwifter,higherandstrongerChampionsandmedalists•Theathletesorteamswhoplacefirst,second,orthirdineacheventreceivemedals.•Thewinnersreceivegoldmedals,whichweresolidgolduntil1912,thenmadeofgildedsilverandnowgold-platedsilver.Everygoldmedalhowevermustcontainatleastsixgramsofpuregold.•Therunners-upreceivesilvermedals•Thethird-placeathletesareawardedbronzemedals.Amateurismandprofessionalism•Afterthe1988Games,theIOCdecidedtomakeallprofessionalathleteseligiblefortheOlympics,subjecttotheapprovaloftheIFs.[136]Olympicspirit•ThemissionofOlympicSpiritis"tobuildapeacefulandbetterworldintheOlympicSpiritwhichrequiresmutualunderstandingwithaspiritoffriendship,solidarityandfairplaymascot•国际奥委会在《奥林匹克宪章》中“奥林匹克主义的原则”条款中有这样一段话：“每一个人都应享有从事体育运动的可能性，而不受任何形式的歧视，并体现相互理解、友谊、团结和公平竞争的奥林匹克精神”。也称现代奥林匹克精神。Criticism•Criticism•TheIOChasoftenbeencriticizedforbeinganintractableorganization,withseveralmembersonthecommitteeforlife.ThepresidentialtermsofAveryBrundageandJuanAntonioSamaranchwereespeciallycontroversial.Brundagewaspresidentforover20years,andduringhistenureheprotectedtheOlympicsfrompoliticalinvolvementandtheinfluenceofadvertising.[75]Hewasaccusedofbothracism,forhishandlingoftheapartheidissuewiththeSouthAfricandelegation,andantisemitism.[76]UndertheSamaranchpresidency,theofficewasaccusedofbothnepotismandcorruption.[77]Samaranch'stieswiththeFrancoregimeinSpainwerealsoasourceofcriticism.[78]•In1998,itwasuncoveredthatseveralIOCmembershadtakenbribesfrommembersoftheSaltLakeCitybidcommitteeforthehostingofthe2002WinterOlympics.TheIOCpursuedaninvestigationwhichledtotheresignationoffourmembersandexpulsionofsixothers.Thescandalsetofffurtherreformsthatchangedthewayhostcitieswereselected,toavoidsimilarcasesinthefuture.[79]
