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名词解释：5*4’1.Glassceilingexistsoverwomenandminoritiesthatallowsthemtothinktheycanadvanceintomanagementlevelswhereinrealitytheyarediscriminatedagainst.Thusonlyadisproportionate,smallpercentageofwomanandminoritiesmakeitintomanagementroles.2.Affirmativeactionwascreatedtogivecertaingroupingofpeoplepreferenceoverotherstocompensateforpastdiscriminationopponentsofaffirmativeaction.3.Principalagenttheory:Whenindividualarenotalwaysinformedadequately,theyhavenotthetechnicalskillstomakedecisionsthatwillservetheirbestinterests.Othershavethecompetenceandinformationtomakedecisiononbehalfoftheprincipalintheprinciple'sinterests.4.Strategicmanagement:isanapproachtomanaginganorganizationthatemphasizeslong-termthinkingand,asthetermstates,managingstrategicallyinsteadofreactivelyorintuitively.5.Publicpersonnelmanagementis"themanagementofasystemwherebypublicagenciesrecruit,compensate,anddisciplinetheiremployees.Thesystemisnormallycharacterizedbyawatchdogdifferentiationbetweenthestructuresthatperformpersonneltasksandstructuresthatprotectemployee'srightsandinsulatetheprocessfrompolitics."16.Thecomplianceauditisthesimplestandmostcommonformofscrutinyofppublicagencies.Anauditorcheckswhetherfinancialtransactionsundertakenbyapublicagencycomplywithrelevantfinanciallawsandregulations.7.Abalancebudgetwouldbeoneinwhichrevenuesandexpendituresforthecomingyearareequal,withouttheneedtoborrowtomakeupforadeficitorfundsshortfall.8.EEO:Equalemploymentopportunitywasintendtocreatealevelplayingfieldbygivingeveryoneandequalchanceateducationandemployment.9.Strategicplanningistheallimportantfirststepinstrategicmanagement.Itidentifytheeffectsofcurrentdecisiononfutureoperation.10.Leadership:Theactionofwho,whetherelected,appointed,oremergingbygroupconsensus,directs,coordinates,andsupervisestheworkofothersforthepurposeofaccomplishingagiventask.2简答题5*6’1.Thefourcentralissuesinorganizationbehavior:（1）Socialpressurecauseindividualgroupmembertoconform.（2）Educativeworkteamsdonotjusthappen,theymustbebuiltandnurtured.（3）Makingmajorchangesinagovernmentagencyrequiresbroadscopestrategiesthataresimilartomilitarytacticsandstrategiesthantoorganizationtheory.（4）Ifanorganizationistobebecomeandremaineffective,itsmembersmustengageingenerativelearning,learningthatenhanceourcapacitytocreate.2.Thetenetsofclassicalorganizationtheory:（1）Organizationexisttoaccomplishproduction-relatedandeconomicgoals（2）thereisonebestwaytoorganizeforproduction,andthatwaycanbefoundthroughsystematic,scientificinquiry.（3）Productionismaximizedthroughspecializationanddivisionforlabor.（4）Peopleandorganizationactinaccordancewithrationaleconomicprinciples.3.Fourconditionsforsuccessfulteambuilding:3（1）Interdependence（2）Leadership（3）Jointdecision（4）Equalinfluence4.Thekeypurposeofthebudgetaryprocess:（1）Controloverpublicmoneyandaccountabilitytopublicauthority.（2）Predictabilityandplanning（3）Relatingexpendituretorevenue（4）Varyingspendingtosuittheeconomy（5）usingthebudgetasaleverforefficiency.5.Fourover-archingprinciplesdefinetheIGR:（1）Constitutionalgovernment（2）Formalfederalism（3）thediversityofgovernment（4）Pervasivedemocracy6.Measurementforevaluatingtheproductivityagency:（1）acomprehensivesetofscrutinymechanismsdesignedtoexamineperformanceandproductivity（2）Detectandexposefraudorlackofcompliancewithfinancialmandates.4（3）A...