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UnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea("HamburgRules")(Hamburg,31March1978)PREAMBLETHESTATESPARTIESTOTHISCONVENTION,HAVINGRECOGNIZEDthedesirabilityofdeterminingbyagreementcertainrulesrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbysea,HAVINGDECIDEDtoconcludeaconventionforthispurposeandhavetheretoagreedasfollows:PARTI.GENERALPROVISIONSArticle1.DefinitionsInthisConvention:1."Carrier"meansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper.2."Actualcarrier"meansanypersontowhomtheperformanceofthecarriageofthegoods,orofpartofthecarriage,hasbeenentrustedbythecarrier,andincludesanyotherpersontowhomsuchperformancehasbeenentrusted.3."Shipper"meansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithacarrier,oranypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfthegoodsareactuallydeliveredtothecarrierinrelationtothecontractofcarriagebysea.4."Consignee"meansthepersonentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoods.5."Goods"includesliveanimals;wherethegoodsareconsolidatedinacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportorwheretheyarepacked,goodsincludessucharticleoftransportorpackagingifsuppliedbytheshipper.6."Contractofcarriagebysea"meansanycontractwherebythecarrierundertakesagainstpaymentoffreighttocarrygoodsbyseafromoneporttoanother;however,acontractwhichinvolvescarriagebyseaandalsocarriagebysomeothermeansisdeemedtobeacontractofcarriagebyseaforthepurposesofthisConventiononlyinsofarasitrelatestothecarriagebysea.7."Billoflading"meansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.Aprovisioninthedocumentthatthegoodsaretobedeliveredtotheorderofanamedperson,ortoorder,ortobearer,constitutessuchanundertaking.8."Writing"includes,interalia,telegramandtelex.Article2.Scopeofapplication1.TheprovisionsofthisConventionareapplicabletoallcontractsofcarriagebyseabetweentwodifferentStates,if:(a)theportofloadingasprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaislocatedinaContractingState,or(b)theportofdischargeasprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaislocatedinaContractingState,or(c)oneoftheoptionalportsofdischargeprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseaistheactualportofdischargeandsuchportislocatedinaContractingState,or(d)thebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaisissuedinaContractingState,or(e)thebillofladingorotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebyseaprovidesthattheprovisionsofthisConventionorthelegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract.2.TheprovisionsofthisConventionareapplicablewithoutregardtothenationalityoftheship,thecarrier,theactualcarrier,theshipper,theconsigneeoranyotherinterestedperson.3.TheprovisionsofthisConventionarenotapplicabletocharter-parties.However,whereabillofladingisissuedpursuanttoacharter-party,theprovisionsoftheConventionapplytosuchabillofladingifitgovernstherelationbetweenthecarrierandtheholderofthebilloflading,notbeingthecharterer.4.Ifacontractprovidesforfuturecarriageofgoodsinaseriesofshipmentsduringanagreedperiod,theprovisionsofthisConventionapplytoeachshipment.However,whereashipmentismadeunderacharter-party,theprovisionsofparagraph3ofthisarticleapply.Article3.InterpretationoftheConventionIntheinterpretationandapplicationoftheprovisionsofthisConventionregardshall...