专八人文知识复习题总结语言学1.Thecoreoflinguistics:Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics2.ThebeginningofModernlinguistics:markedbythepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbookCourseinGeneralLinguisticsintheearly20thcentury.3.Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究Linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.4.Competencevs.performance语言能力与语言运用:thedistinctionwasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyin1965.ThetwotermsaresimilarwithSaussure’slangueandparole.However,SaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.5.Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（语音学）6.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.（音位学）7.音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。8.Morphology:referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（形态学）9.Morpheme:thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,theminimalunitofmeaning.10.Word-formation:theprocessofwordvariationsignalinglexicalrelationships.Theyarecompoundandderivation.11.Transformational-Generativegrammar:proposedbyChomskyin1957(转换生成语法)12.hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。13.antonymy反义关系：(1)Gradableantonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementaryantonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive（3）relationalantonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell14.Sociolinguistics:Itisthesub-filedoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.社会语言学15.Sapir-whorfhypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说:accordingtoEdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,languagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。16.acquisition（习得）:itisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage,anditisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learning（学习）:itisaconsciouslearningofthesecondlanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.
