C15信息结构和强调突出强调重要信息的两种语法手段:后置(postponement)外位(extraposition)分隔(discontinuity)前置(fronting)倒装(inversion)存在句(existentialsentence)分裂(cleaving)后置Postponement“句尾焦点”(EndFocus)被动态(详见第六章)外位分隔※外位—Extraposition即it做形式主语或形式宾语替代实义主语或实义宾语的语法现象(参见第六章-两种被动句的转换&第八章-非限定性动词)1
it做形式主语所替代的实义主语通常为:不定式分句Itisnotfunnyatalltomakefunofadisabledman
that或wh-词引导的名词性从句:Itsurprisedmethatsheshouldrejectyourproposal
Itdoesn’tmatterwhathisresponsewillbe
两个必须用it作形式主语的句型:Itis+及物动词的过去分词+that从句此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有:said,told,known,reported,recorded,thought,believed,considered等
如:ItisreportedthattheRussianPresidentwillvisitChinanextweek.It+不及物动词+that从句此句型中不及物动词常见的有:seem,happen,appear,matter等
如:Itseemsthattherewillbeaheavysnowtomorrow.IthappenedthatImetmygoodfriendsinthemuseumyesterday.3
It做形式宾语所替代的实义宾语通常有3种情况:不定式分句H