1 Linguistics is a scientific study of language .语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. 普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究the major branches of linguistics:语言学内部主要分支Phonetics ：the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication..(语音学 )对语言交流中语音的研究Phonology the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. ( 音位学 )如何组合在一起并在交流中形传达意义.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (词法学、形态学 )如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (句法学 ) 如何在组成语法上可接受的句子Semantics (语义学 ) the study of meaning in abstraction语言是用来传达意义的。Pragmatics( 语用学 ) the study of meaning in context of use用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguisticsis the study of the relationship between language and society.社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Applied linguisticsis the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中一些基本区分1. Descriptive or PrescriptiveA linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 描述性 是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性 是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。2. Synchronic and DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study 。共时性 对语言在历史的某一时间点的描...
