碳水化合物(carbohydrate)单糖(monosaccharide)寡糖(oligosaccharide)多糖(polysaccharide)醛糖(aldose)酮糖(ketose)蔗糖(sucrose)乳糖(lactose)麦芽糖(maltose)纤维二糖(cellobiose)多糖(polysaccharides)淀粉(starch)直链淀粉(amylose)支链淀粉(amylopectin)纤维素(cellulose)半纤维素(hemicellulose)糖原(glycogen)几丁质(chitin)糖胺聚糖(glycosaminolgycan)脂类(lipids)脂肪酸(fatty acid)甘油三酯(glycerol triester)亲水脂类(amphipathic lipids)蜡(wax)磷酸甘油脂(phosphoglyceride)甘油磷脂(glycerophospholipid)磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine)磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine)磷脂酰丝氨酸(phoshatidylserine)磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)肌醇三磷酸(inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate,IP3)二脂酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)磷脂酶 A2(phospholipase A2,PLA2)磷脂酶 C(phospholipase C,PLC)磷脂酶 D(phospholipase D,PLD)溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin)神经酰胺(ceramide)类固醇(steroids)萜类(terpenes)胆固醇(cholesterol)麦角固醇(ergoster