英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism:清教徒主义PuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJonhCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.2.TheDeclarationofIndependence:独立宣言TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyThomasJeffersonandadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,wherethepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.Thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernment:thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentsweretosecuretherightsmentionedabove.ThetheoryofpolitiesandtheguidingprinciplesoftheAmericanRevolutionmainlycamefromJohnLock.3.GeorgeWashington:GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.HewastheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinentalArmyintheWarofIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.4.WASP:TheearlyimmigrantsweregenerallyknownastheWhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestantsbecausemostofthembelievedintheprotestantchurch.Theyplayedthemainroleinthefoundingofthe13coloniesandestablishedtherulingpositionoftheirEnglishlanguage.TheytransplantedEnglishvaluesandtraditionstothecoloniesandplayedthedecisiveroleinwinningindependencefromEngland.Todayitisestimatedthatabout33%ofAmericansareofBritishorigin.5.ThreeFaithsintheUS:Bythe1950's,thethreefaithsmodelofAmericanreligionhaddeveloped.Americanwereconsideredtocomeinthreebasicvarieties:protestants,CatholicandJewish.Intermsofnumbers,theProtestantsarethestrongest,theCatholicaarenexttotheProtestantsandtheJewisharethesmallestamongthethreegroups.6.ReligiouslibertyintheUS:TheDeclarationofIndependenceguaranteedthebasicrightofreligiousfreedomandthisrightwasapoliticalnecessity.TheFirstAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionexplicitlyforbadethefederalgovernmenttogivespecialfavorstoanyreligionortohinderthefreepractice,orexercise,ofreligion.Whendesputesabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandreligionarise,Americancourtsmustsettlethem.ButAmericaninstitutionspresupposeaSupremeBeing,thereforeChristianityisoften,inpractice,morefavoredthanotherreligions.7.The“LostGeneration”:迷惘的一代IntheaftermathofWorldWarⅠ,manynovelistsproducedaliteratureofdisillusionment.SomelivedinEurope.Theywereknownasthe“LostGeneration.”TwoofthemostrepresentativewritersoftheThe“LostGeneration”wereHemingwayandFitzgerald.8.Hemingway:海明威anAmericanwriteroffictionwhowontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954(1899-1961).AmonghisbestbooikswereTheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArmsandForWhomtheBellTolls.9.HigheducationintheUSInAmerica,highereducationreferstoeducationonthecollegelevel.Americahighereducationincludesfourcategoriesofinstitution.Theyaretheuniversity,thefour-yearundergraduateinstitution(thecollege)thetechnicaltraininginstitutionandthetwo-yearorcommunitycollege.Somearesupportedbypublicfundsandsomebyprivatefunds.Manyuniversitiesandcollegeshavewonreputationsf...
