Chapter 44.1 syntacti 句法 ) relations4.1.1positional rel 位置 0 关系)For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammaticaroles of the various phrase that can occur in a clause.Positional relation or word order ref ers to th©有 sefiuentialrangement of words in alanguage.Positional relation are a manif 体现 tion(one aspect of syntagmatic relationsWord orderisamong the threebasicways (word ordergeneticand classification) classifylanguage words.Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.4.1.2relation of substitute 替 Kilj/|^IFirstlyelationf substitutabilitfersto classesor setsof words substitutaboe each othergrammatically in sentence with the same structure.Secondly it refersto groups of more than one word which may be jointlysubstitutablegrammatically for a single word of a particular set.This is what Saussure called assc 联联想 tive(relations or in Hjeihs lpavradigmat 纵聚性)relation.4.1.3relation of co-occu 共现 c)s(Means words of differentetsof clausesmay permit pr requirethe occurrenceof a word ofanother set or class to from a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.Thus relationof co-occurrence）artlybelong to syntagmaticrationspartlyto paradigmaticrelations.4.2 grammatical construction and its constituents4.2.1Grammatical constructionAny syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrases structures to certain complelexemes 词位）4.2.2 immediate constituent"分）Constituent is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construcThisNps tree diagram 倒子构造分析中，成分用来指任何语言单位，而该单位又是更大语言单位 一部分，如在 The girl ate the apple (A ) the bo( B) ate the appl)都是一种成分，成分可以和其他成分组合构成更大 单位，假如两个成分 B (...
