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语法专项二十三——现在完成时一、过去分词1、概念：过去分词是分词的一种。规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。2、过去分词变化规则：规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。live---lived---lived(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将"y"变为"i"，再加“ed”。study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.(4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped不规则动词，见不规则表（1）AAA型：即原形、过去式和过去分词三者都相同。（共8个cost—cost—costcut—cut—cuthit—hit—hithurt—hurt—hurtlet—let—letput—put—putread—read—readset-set-set（2）ABB型：过去式、过去分词相同。（共42个）1）．过去式和过去分词都含有-ought。（4个）bring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtthink—thought—thoughtfight—fought—fought2）．词尾有-ild，-end时，只需把d变为t。（4个）build—built—builtlend—lent—lentsend—sent—sentspend—spent—spent3）．过去式、过去分词都含有-aught。（2个）catch—caught—caughtteach—taught—taught4）．把-eep、-eel变为-ept、-elt。（4个）keep—kept—keptsleep—slept—sleptsweep—swept—sweptfeel—felt—felt5）．把-ell变为-old。（2个）tell—told—toldsell—sold—sold6）．把-ell、-ill变为-elt或-ilt。（2个）smell—smelt—smeltspell—spelt—spelt7）．把-eed、-ead、-eet变为-ed或-et。（3个）feed—fed—fedlead—led—ledmeet—met—met8）．过去式、过去分词都在原形词尾加t。（4个）learn—learnt—learntmean—meant—meantburn—burnt—burntdream—dreamt—dreamt9）．过去式、过去分词词尾去y变-id（4个）say—said—saidpay—paid—paidlay—laid—laidhear—heard—heard10）．改变元音字母。（9个）meet—met—metfeed—fed—fedget—got—gotsit—sat—satfind—found—foundhold—held—heldwin—won—wonlose—lost—loststick—stuck—stuck11）．改变辅音字母。（4个）make—made—madebuild—built—builtsend—sent—sentspend—spent—spent12）．改变元、辅音字母。（4个）leave—left—leftstand—stood—stoodhave/has—had—hadunderstand—understood—understood（3）ABC型：原形、过去式、过去分词都不相同。（共39个）1）．i—a—u变化。（5个）begin—began—begundrink—drank—drunksing—sang—sungring—rang—rungswim—swam—swum2）．词尾为-ow，-aw时，过去式将其变为-ew，过去分词在其原形后加n。（5个）blow—blew—blowndraw—drew—drawngrow—grew—grownknow—knew—knownthrow—threw—thrown3）．词尾为“i+辅（1个）+e”，过去式将i变为o，过去分词多在原形后加n，若那个辅音字母为d或t，须双写d或t后加n。（4个）drive—drove—drivenwrite—wrote—writtenride—rode—riddenrise—rose—risen4）．过去分词在过去式后加n。（2个）wake—woke—wokenspeak-spoke-spoken5）．过去分词由过去式加-ten构成。（2个）get-got-gotten/gotforget—forgot—forgotten6）．过去分词由原形加（e）n构成。（6个）be—was（were）—beeneat—ate—eatenfall—fell—fallengive—gave—givensee—saw—seenhide—hid—hidden（hid）7）．词尾为-ake时，过去式将其变为-ook，过去分词在原形词后加-n。（3个）take—took—takenmistake—mistook—mistakenshake—shook—shaken8）．原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同。（6个）do—did—donefly—flew—flowngo—went—gonelie—lay—lainshow—showed—shownwear—wore—worn9）．词尾为-eak时，过去式将其变为-oke，...