《英语教学设计理论与实践》——任务型教学设计主讲：尹国杰（副教授）2013年3月20日星期三InstructionalDesign“Design”ofteaching?InstructionalDesigndesignscientificartisticInstructionalDesign•Whatisinstructionaldesign?–thepracticeofcreating"instructionalexperienceswhichmaketheacquisitionofknowledgeandskillmoreefficient,effective,andappealing."InstructionalDesign•1.Developmentofinstructionaldesign:•1940’s-TheOriginsofInstructionalDesign,WorldWarII•1946–EdgarDale’sConeofExperience•Mid-1950sthroughmid-1960s-TheProgrammedInstructionMovement•Early1960s-TheCriterion-ReferencedTestingMovement•1965-DomainsofLearning,EventsofInstruction,andHierarchicalAnalysis•1967-FormativeEvaluation•The1970s-GrowingofInterestintheSystemsApproach•The1980s-IntroductionofPersonalComputersintotheDesignProcess•The1990s-AGrowingInterestinConstructivistTheoryandtheImportanceofPerformance•The2000s-RiseoftheInternetandOnlineLearning•2010andforwardInstructionalDesign•1940’s-TheOriginsofInstructionalDesign,WorldWarII–Duringthewaraconsiderableamountoftrainingmaterialsforthemilitaryweredevelopedbasedontheprinciplesofinstruction,learning,andhumanbehavior.Testsforassessingalearner’sabilitieswereusedtoscreencandidatesforthetrainingprograms.Afterthesuccessofmilitarytraining,psychologistsbegantoviewtrainingasasystem,anddevelopedvariousanalysis,design,andevaluationprocedures.InstructionalDesignInstructionalDesign•Mid-1950sthroughmid-1960s-TheProgrammedInstructionMovement–Skinner:effectiveinstructionalmaterialsshouldincludesmallsteps,frequentquestions,immediatefeedback,andallowself-pacing.–RobertMager:howtowriteobjectivesincludingdesiredbehavior,learningcondition,andassessment.–BenjaminBloom:taxonomyofthreedomainsoflearning:Cognitive,PsychomotorandAffective.InstructionalDesignInstructionalDesign•Early1960s-TheCriterion-ReferencedTestingMovement–RobertGlaser:firstuseroftheterm“criterion-referencedmeasures”in1962.–acriterion-referencedtestisdesignedtotestanindividual'sbehaviorinrelationtoanobjectivestandardInstructionalDesign•1965-DomainsofLearning,EventsofInstruction,andHierarchicalAnalysis–RobertGagne:fivedomainsoflearningoutcomesandnineeventsofinstructionin“TheconditionsofLearning(1965).–Gagne’sworkinlearninghierarchiesandhierarchicalanalysisledtoanimportantnotionininstruction–toensurethatlearnersacquireprerequisiteskillsbeforeattemptingsuperordinate’sones.InstructionalDesign•1967-FormativeEvaluation–MichaelScriven:theneedforformativeassessment–e.g.,totryoutinstructionalmaterialswithlearners(andreviseaccordingly)beforedeclaringthemfinalized.InstructionalDesign•The1970s-GrowingofInterestintheSystemsApproach–Manyinstructionaldesigntheoristsbegantoadoptaninformation-processing-basedapproachtothedesignofinstruction.DavidMerrillforinstancedevelopedComponentDisplayTheory(CDT),whichconcentratesonthemeansofpresentinginstructionalmaterials(presentationtechniques).InstructionalDesign•The1980s-IntroductionofPersonalComputersintotheDesignProcess–littleevolutionofIDinschoolsorhighereducation–personalcomputerasanewtool:PLATO(ProgrammedLogicforAutomaticTeachingOperation)–growinginterestinhowcognitivepsychologycanbeappliedtoinstructionaldesign.Inthelate1980sandthroughoutthe1990scognitiveloadtheorybegantofindempiricalsupportforavarietyofpresentationtechniques.InstructionalDesign•The1990...
