-可修编-1丄anguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanmunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofmunication.3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelareposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.8.lnterchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofmunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）-可修编-Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically^在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化）2个共时即为历时12丄angueandparole找笔记重点。petenceandperformance找笔记重点。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbeesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesitAnticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbeesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.-可修编-Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticmunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotdistinguishmeaning.21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governedindifferentcontexts23.Minimalpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphoneticenviro...
