1.Allindustrialactivitiesimpactonthenaturalandhumanenvironment.thecreationofamotorcarstartswiththesearchforrawmaterials.althoughiron,fromwhichsteelismade,isoneofthemostcommonelements,itsquarryingorminingcausesenvironmentalproblems.thesameistrueforalltheothermaterialsusedinacar,frombauxiteforaluminumtooilandgasforplastics.fortunatelyiron,steelandaluminumareeasilyrecycledattheendofacar’slifeandthiseasestheenvironmentalburdensomewhat.所有工业活动影响的自然和人类环境,汽车的创造开始了对原材料的研究。尽管由钢制成的铁是一种最常见的元素之一,但其开采还是引起了环境问题。这同样适用于所有在汽车中使用的其它材料,从铝土矿中的铝到石油和天然气制塑料。幸运的是铁,钢和铝在汽车报废后很容易回收利用,这减轻了一些环境负担。2.Nevertheless,steelproduction,aluminumsmelting,productionofplastics,glassandtheothermaterialsusedtomakeupacarcausepollutiontovaryingdegreesandusedenergy,oftenintheformoffossilfuels.oneexampleistheelectronicsindustry,whichtraditionallyhasusedlargequantitiesofCFCstocleanprintedcircuitboards,manyofwhichfindtheirwayintothemoderncarandtruck.然而,钢铁生产,铝冶炼,生产塑料,玻璃和用于弥补汽车造成污染程度不同的其他材料和能源使用,往往在化石燃料的形式。一个例子是电子行业,传统上使用了大量的氟氯化碳清洗印刷电路板,其中许多找到自己的方式融入到现代的汽车和卡车3.Theuseofmotorvehiclescanproduceanumberofothertypesofpollution.evaporativeemissionsofhydrocarbonsresultfromevaporationoffuelfromcars,depots,tankersandfuelstations.soilpollutionmayresultfromoilleaksfromvehicles,fuelstationsandgarages,aswellastheillegal-thoughwidespread-disposalofusedlubricants.infrastructurerelatedtovehicleuse,suchasroads,carsparks,fuelstationsandgarages,shouldalsobeincludedwhenassessingthetotalenvironmentalimpactofmotorvehicles.机动车辆的使用可以产生许多其他类型的污染的。碳氢化合物蒸发排放导致从汽车,油库,油罐车和加油站蒸发的燃料。土壤污染可能由漏油车辆,加油站和车库,以及非法-尽管普遍处置使用润滑剂导致。基础设施与车辆的使用,如公路,停车场,加油站,车库,也应在评估汽车的总的环境影响时包括在内。4.Vehiclesdisposalisbecomingincreasinglyproblematic,especiallyinthemoredenselymotorizedpartsoftheworld,suchasWesternEurope.witharapidlyrisingvehicleparcandanaveragecarlifespanofaround10to12years,theburdenontheexistingvehicle-dismantlinginfrastructureisincreasingandaddingtothegeneralwasteburdenofindustrializedsocieties.车辆处置正变得越来越问题化了,尤其在汽车越来越密集的世界部分地区,例如西欧。与迅速崛起的汽车保有量及汽车的平均寿命达到10〜12年,目前汽车分解设施的压力与日俱增,而且增加了工业化社会的一般废弃物负担。5.USAstandards,orstandardsbasedonthem,havealsobeenintroducedinothercountries,includingAustraliaandSouthKoreaandanumberofEFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)countries,whoadoptedtheminthelateof1980s.thismovewaspartlyanexpressionoffrustrationwiththelackofprogressinemissionslegislationintheEurope,especiallybytheEC(EuropeanCommunity).美国标准,或基于这些美国的标准,也已被其他国家,包括澳大利亚和韩国等多家EFTA(欧洲自由贸易协会)国家所引进,这些国家在20世纪80年代后期通过了这些标准。此举在一定程度上是一个在欧洲排放法规的缺乏进展挫折的表达,特别是通过欧共体(欧洲共同体)6.Forthcominglegislationinmostcountriesinvolvesfurthertighteningofthelimitsonexistspollutantsaccordingtoexistingframeworks,buttherearetwodevelopmentsthatmovebeyondthis.firstofallthereisthecommitmentbytheCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunity(CEC)totheintrod...