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?AphesisDefinition:theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.Example:Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion暴动、暴乱(’mid--amid)?SyncopeDefinition:theomissionofamedialpartofaword.Example:Avoicesothrillingne’erwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-birdBreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides(ne’er--never)?ApocopeDefinition:theomissionofafinalpartofawordExample:Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear.Andtherocksmeltwi’thesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun(a’—all,wi’—with,o’--of)?GraphologyDefinition:bygraphologyismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.Example:shapeoftext;typeofprint;grammetrics;punctuation;indentation.(Egoftypeofprint)MeupatdoesoutofthefloorquietlyStareapoisonedmousestillwhoaliveisaskingwhathaveidonethatYouwouldn’thave?GrammetricsDefinition:BygrammetricsismeantthewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzasExample:ThisIsJusttoSayIhaveeatentheplumsthatwereintheicebox→andwhichyouwereprobablysavingforbreakfast→Forgivemetheyweredelicioussosweetandsocold(“→→”meansaverystrongpulling-forwardeffect;“→”meansalessstrongpulling-forwardeffect.“eaten,the,in”allindicateastrongfulling-forwardeffect.)?MarkedthemeDefinition:theliterarywriterplacesanyoftherestofclauseelementsinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect.Example:Aloneshecutsandbindsthegrain,Andsingsamelancholystrain;Olisten!forthevaleprofoundIsoverflowingwiththesound(“alone”isafrontingoftheadjunctthatcanmaketheelementhighlynoticeable)?AffixationDefinition:affixationistheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguageExample:therewasabalconyfulofgentlemen.(“balcony+ful”isavividdescriptionofthenumberofpeoplestayingonthebalcony.)?CompoundingDefinition:compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.Example:BabywakeOpen-eyed;Open-eyed:asaverblessadjectiveclause,expressaresult?ConversionDefinition:conversion,describedas“zeroaffixation”istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.Example:“Don’tbesuchaharshparent,father!”“Don’tfatherme!”(thenoun”father”ischangedtoaverbtoexpresstheannoyanceanddiscontent.)?OxymoronDefinition:Oxymoronistheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionswhichareincompatible,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.e.g.Asthewretchedcreaturemumbledandchuckledinherhideousmerriment,theundertakerturnedtogoaway.(OliverTwist)?ParadoxDefinition:AParadoxisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.e.g.Itwasabright,colddayinApril,andtheclockswerestrikingthirteen.?SynecdocheDefinition:Synecdocheisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole.e.g.Returntoher?...No,ratherIabjureallroofsandchoose⋯Tobeacomradewiththewolfandowl.?MetonymyDefinition:Metonymyisthesubstitutionofawordreferringtoanattributeofthethingthatismeant,ratherthanthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole,orthewholeforapart.e.g.SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)Here,SceptreandCrownrepresenttheirpowerandauthority,andmetonymsforkingsandqueens.ScytheandSpadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andaremetonymsforpeasants.?Metaphor(重点！)Metaphor:Itisassociatedwithparticularruleoftransference,thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,as...